Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

George H. Abel, deceased, was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1808, a son of Damon and Sally (Root) Abel. He was married April 21, 1828, to Electa Hodsell, a native of New York, daughter of John and Abigail (Bray) Hodsell. After his marriage he settled on a farm in Ohio, and in September, 1836, came to Indiana and entered 160 acres of land in Concord Township, DeKalb County. Here he cleared and improved a farm, where he lived till his death, May 10, 1874. Mrs. Abel still lives on the old homestead in the seventy-seventh year of her age. They had a family of ten children, seven of whom are living---James H., Cyrus W., Henry J., Melvinas, Mary Almira, Walter M. and Alice L.. George D., Nancy and Lavesta are deceased. In politics Mr. Abel was a Democrat. Mrs. Abel is a member of the Disciples church.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Henry J. Abel, son of George H. and Electa (Hodsell) Abel. Is a native of De Kalb County, Ind., born in Concord Township Aug. 19, 1837. He remained with his parents assisting in the care of the farm till his marriage, and then settled on a farm adjoining the one where he now lives, remaining there till 1875, when he bought his present home. He owns 110 acres of improved land with a pleasant residence and good farm buildings. Nov. 22, 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Forty-fourth Indiana Infantry. Soon after going South he was taken sick, and was in the hospital the most of the time till discharged March 10, 1863. He was married Nov. 14, 1858, to Eliza Shull, daughter of Daniel and Susan (Newcome) Shull. To them have been born seven children - Jonathan E., George H., Merton, Herbert E., Essie M., Marion C., and Grace S. Mrs. Abel is a member of the Disciples church. In politics he is a Republican. He is a member of John C. Carns Post No. 144, G.A.R.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

James H. Abel was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1829, the eldest son of George H. and Electa Abel. He was seven years of age when his parents moved to De Kalb County, and was reared and educated in the wilds of Indiana. He and his father cleared about seventy acres of the old homestead. He attended school during the winter when his services were not needed on the farm. He remained with his parents till May 14, 1848, when he was married to Abigail Robe, a native of Medina County, Ohio, daughter of Amherst and Abigail (Liswell) Robe, her father a native of Connecticut, and her mother of Massachusetts. After his marriage Mr. Abel bought eighty acres of wild land for which he gave his note. He was about twenty years of age but was possessed of a large degree of energy and perseverance and went bravely to work to improve his land. His wife assisted him by taking in sewing, and together they worked and paid for their home. He cleared eighty acres of heavily timbered land in three years. Sept. 23, 1861, he enlisted in the defense f the Union in Company F, Forty-fourth Indiana Infantry, and Nov. 23 they started for the South. They participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh. At the latter battle his regiment went in with 480 men and came out with 241. Soon after the battle of Shiloh he was taken sick with typhoid fever, and not regaining his former health was discharged Sept. 3, 1862. Oct. 6, 1864, he was drafted, although still suffering from the effects of his illness, and was assigned to Company C, Thirty-fifth Indiana Volunteers. Nov. 30 he participated in the Battle of Franklin, Tenn., and Dec. 15 and 16 in the battle of Nashville. From there he went to Huntsville, Ala., and the following March to Bull’s Gap, thence back to Nashville, and from there in June to Victoria, Tex., where they remained till discharged Sept. 30, 1865. Since his return from the war he has engaged in agricultural pursuits, although his army experience has unfitted him for any hard work. He was elected Assessor of his township in the fall of 1864, but appointed a deputy while he was in the service. He was re-elected in 1866 and again in 1872, and in 1880 he was appointed to take the census of his township. He has been a Republican in politics since 1856, casting his first Presidential vote for Frank Pierce. To Mr. and Mrs. Abel have been born three children - Mary E., wife of John B. Taylor, of Baltimore, Md.; Ida O., wife of Adelbert Andrew, of Hicksville, Ohio; and Freeman H., who married Ella Kelley and lives on the old homestead. Mrs. Abel’s parents came to De Kalb County in 1837 and entered eighty acres of land in Wilmington Township, where her mother died in 1840. They had a family of four children. The eldest son also died in 1840. The other son, Bennett S., died a Chattanooga while a soldier in the civil war. The father afterward married Amilla Hayford, and of their two children a son is living. Mr. Robe died in 1846.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Eugene C. Ackley, engineer on the Wabash Railroad, Butler, Ind., was born in Manchester, Ontairo Co., N.Y. July 19, 1848, a son of Revilo (the reverse of his father’s name). He was reared and educated in the State of New York and in 1869 went to Detroit, Mich., and was employed as fireman on the Michigan Central Railroad two years. In 1871 he came to Columbia City, Ind., and was employed on a construction train three months, and in October of the same year was promoted to engineer, and since 1881, has run between Detroit and Butler. He moved to Butler in 1881, where he has a pleasant home. He married May 16, 1869, to Ella Lyon, daughter of Charles Lyon. She is a native of Ontario County, N.Y. Mr. and Mrs. Ackley have three children-Charles E., Emma M. and Clark M. Mr. Ackley is a member of the Odd Fellows order, lodge and encampment, and of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, being First Engineer of the latter society.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Fred Ailer was born in Baden, Germany, in 1822, and is a son of Dennis and Barbara Ailer, natives of that country. They came to America when Fred was seven years old and located in Baltimore, when he (Fred's father) worked on a railroad at fifty cents a day. Two years later they moved to another part of the state and he engaged in the lumber business, which he followed for three years, when he went to the Alleghany Mountains and kept a boarding house for a year and a half. He then removed to Ohio, where he lived two years; then came to Floyd county, Ind., and kept a boarding house on the Paoli Pike, near Mooresville; then moved on a farm in Daviess county, near Washington; from there he went to Celestine, Dubois county, where he kept a grocery and was squire. He died in 1845, while holding that position.

Fred went to the Mexican War with Lieutenant Colonel C. C. Knafe of the First Regiment of Indiana. In 1847 he returned from there to his home in New Albany, where he has been ever since engaged in contract work.

He was married January 9, 1847, to Nancy A. Brands, daughter of Tobias and Violet (MacFarland) Brands, of this county. They have one child, adopted,-Hattie, wife of Edward C. Burton, of Indianapolis. He is a Democrat and a member of the Catholic Church.

Data Entry Volunteer Dee Floyd-Pavey
Biographical and Historical Souvenir for the Counties of Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Floyd, Jefferson, Jennings, Scott and Washington
John M. Gresham & Co. Chicago 1889

Joseph Abright, watchmaker and jeweler, Auburn, Ind., is a native of Ohio, born in West Rushville, Oct. 6, 1838, a son of David and Jane (Thompson) Abright. When fourteen years of age he went to Chillicothe and served four years as an apprentice at the watchmaker’s trade; then worked in the same establishment as foreman four years, and in 1860 went to Greencastle, Ind., and in the spring of 1861 to Lancaster. Ohio, where April 5, 1861, he enlisted in the Seventeenth Ohio Infantry for three months. After his term of service expired, Aug. 18, he again enlisted in the Forty-sixth Ohio Infantry for three years and when the call was made by the President to re-enlist veterans, responded Oct. 29, 1863. He was mustered in as Orderly Sergeant. Jan. 1, 1862, he was promoted to First Lieutenant and soon after the Adjutant of the regiment. He served four years, three months and fourteen days, and was never away from his regiment for any cause. He participated in some of the most important battles of the war, among them Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson, Miss., Atlanta campaign, and was with Sherman on his march to the sea, being in twenty-eight engagements. He was wounded twice, but not severely. He was present at Johnston’s surrender to General Sherman in April, 1865. He was mustered out at Camp Chase, Columbus, Ohio, Sept. 21, 1865. He soon after went to St. Paul, Minn., and remained till 1867. Then returned to Ohio and worked a year in Circleville, and in September, 1868, came to Auburn and established his present place of business, where he has built up a good trade. Mr. Abright was married Oct. 1, 1867, to Louisa McFee, of West Rushville, Ohio. They have one daughter---Maud. He is a member of De Kalb Lodge, No. 214, F.& A.M. He has served three years as Treasurer of Auburn, and has given perfect satisfaction to his constituents.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Jason D. Aldrich, deceased, was born in Franklin Township, Sept 17, 1839, and died Nov. 27, 1877. He was a son of Isaac Aldrich, a pioneer of Franklin Township, who died Feb. 1, 1883. He was reared and educated in his native township where he won many friends by his genial, courteous manners, and honest, upright dealings. He was married May 20, 1860, to Sarah Knisely, daughter of William Knisely. To them were born four children, three of whom are living---Isaac N., Ada D. and William E. Isaac married Mary Rummel, and has one child---Bertha. Ada married James Kannel, and has one child---Flora. Mr. Aldrich was a sincere Christian, although at the time of his death he was a member of no religious organization. He was a member of the Odd Fellows’ order.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Roger Aldrich, deceased, was born in Guilford, Vt., in 1798. He received but a limited education, being reared on a farm in the early days. In 1836 he came to Indiana and entered 160 acres of land on section 18, Troy Township, De Kalb Co., and eighty acres in Franklin Township. At that time it was heavily timbered and Indians were their neighbors. He cleared a small patch and built a log cabin 20x24 feet in size, which at that time was the best house in the county. The roof was covered with shakes, and the lumber for the floor was brought from Houlton’s mill in Williams County, Ohio. Mr. Aldrich was one of the prominent men of the early days of the county, and for several years was Trustee of his township. He died on the old homestead in December, 1869. Mrs. Aldrich still lives with her daughter, Mrs. Rummel, on the old homestead, and although in the ninetiety year of her age is able to read, sew and knit, and goes about the house without assistance. The day she was seventy years old she spun her daily work of forty knots of yarn. Her maiden name was Lucy Tubbs, a daughter of Miah Tubbs. She was married to Mr. Aldrich in September, 1820. To them were born six children, but one of whom, Lucy M., wife of Talma Rummel, is living. One daughter, Mr. Amelia Pinchin, died at the age of twenty-seven years, and another, Elizabeth, aged fifteen years.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

William C. Aldrich, of the firm Aldrich & Son, proprietors of Hotel Aldrich, Butler, Ind., was born in Worcester, Mass., April 18, 1822, a son of Amos Aldrich, a native of Rhode Island. When he was quite small his parents moved to Connecticut, and in 1832 to Lenawee County, Mich., settling in Adrain, there being at the time but two frame houses in the town. When a boy he learned the wool-carding and cloth-dressing trade, that being his father’s trade, and worked at it several years in Adrian. In 1852 he crossed the plains to California and worked in the mines till 1854, when he returned to Michigan and worked for the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad five year. In 1869 he went to Pleasant Hill, Mo., and remained six years; three years of the time was Deputy Sheriff and City Marshall. He then traveled through the Western Territories and Texas, visited Chili, South America, and the Sandwich Islands. In 1873 he came to Indiana and lived in Butler four years; and in November of 1881, returned to Butler and bought the Boots House at the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern depot, and changed the name to Hotel Aldrich. His son, Arthur N., is a partner with him, and is a steady, thorough going business man. They have a good patronage and keep a first-class hotel. Their house contains twenty-five rooms, well furnished. The dining-room, a large rectangle, is furnished with four tables and a handsome sideboard. In connection with the hotel they run a lunch-room for the benefit of travelers over the road. Their clerk, C.L. Cramer, has been with them three years, and is admirably adapted to the position he occupies. Mr. Aldrich was married in the fall of 1844 to Helen Force. They have had two children; but one, Arthur N., is living. Mr. Aldrich is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and has taken the Knight Templar degrees.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Stephen J. Alexander was born in York county, Pa., Fed. 10, 1812. His father, Robert Alexander, was a native of Pennsylvania, belonging to an old Scotch family. His mother, Elizabeth McKinley, was also a native of York county, Pa.

When the subject of this sketch was only ten years old, his parents removed to Belmont county, Ohio, where he was educated in the common schools until old enough to enter upon the study of medicine, in which he graduated with honor in 1839, and took up his residence in Clermont county, Ohio, where he practiced his profession with success until 1853, when he located at New Albany, where he has since resided, and where he stands in the front rank of his profession, with a large practice as evidence of his ability and success as a physician.

During the war he ranked high as a hospital surgeon, in which capacity he served, during its continuance, in the hospitals at New Albany.

He is now, and has been for a number of years, a member of the board of examining surgeons of pensions, and whether as a private practitioner or in the Government, he has honored hisprofession by his skill and fidelity to duty.

Dr. Alexander has been three times married, and ten children were born to him of these marriages. For forty years he has been a member of the Masonic Fraternity. In all the relations of his life he has been an honored citizen, and his professional career has won for him an honorable position among his medical brethren.

Data Entry Volunteer Dee Floyd-Pavey
Biographical and Historical Souvenir for the Counties of Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Floyd, Jefferson, Jennings, Scott and Washington
John M. Gresham & Co. Chicago 1889

David C. Ansley, farmer and stock-raiser, was born in Gorham, Ontario County, N. Y., June 27, 1824, a son of Albert and Prudence (Clark) Ansley, natives of New York, of English descent. He was reared on a farm, residing with his parents till manhood. In 1844 he came West an lived in De Kalb County, Ind., one winter, and then went to Pennsylvania and located in Potter County, where he engaged in the lumber business eighteen years. In January, 1863, he was married to Elizabeth Ames, daughter of Jacob and Jerusha (Bell) Ames, a native of Steuben County, N.Y. In 1863 he again came to De Kalb County, and settled in Fairfield Township, where he has since been successfully engaged in agricultural pursuits. Mr. Ansley is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. In politics he affiliates with the Republican party.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Robert Arford, section 4, Stafford Township, was born in Fayette County, Pa., March 27, 1828, a son of Jacob Arford, a native of Maryland, who moved to Wayne County, Ohio, in the spring of 1831, and to Tuscarawas County in 1839. Robert Arford grew to manhood in the latter county, and in 1852 came to De Kalb County, Ind., and settled on the land where he now lives. He cleared a small patch of ground and built a hewed log house 26x18 feet in size, a story and a half high. He was in meager circumstances when he came to this county, and after paying for part of his land and buying a few necessary articles, had but $12 dollars left. He bought seventy-five acres of land for $350, and paid $130 cash. He went to work for others till he had paid the rest. He made all the furniture in their house with the exception of two chairs and a bureau. He had no team, and he and Jacob Crise bought a yoke of oxen together. Although commencing life in what seemed adverse circumstances, he has toiled bravely on, assisted by a noble wife, till he now has a fine farm of nearly 200 acres, all under a good state of cultivation. He was married June 16, 1850, to Margaret Weimer, daughter of John Weimer. The have had a family of seven children, but three of whom are living---Mary E., Maville C. and Charles S. Mr. and Mr. Arford are members of the United Brethren church.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

John W. Ashleman, the second son of John W. and Mary Ashleman, was born in Wayne County, Ohio, March 27, 1844. His parents were natives of Germany, and were married in Switzerland about 1834 and came to the United States and located in Wayne County, Ohio. They subsequently moved to De Kalb County, Ind., and settled on a farm just east of Auburn, entering 160 acres. After getting ready to start for America, Mr. Ashleman’s trunk was robbed of its contents, including all his money. His friends assisted him, but he arrived in a strange country with no means. He was possessed of a large amount of energy, and went bravely to work and was eminently successful, accumulating a large landed estate, owning at his death over 900 acres. His family consisted of nine children---Elizabeth, wife of A. J. Cramer; Moses; Barbara, wife of Charles Eckart; Mary, wife of Fred Raut; Regina, wife of Enos Weaver; Anna, wife of George Walker; John W.; Christian, and Rosa, wife of A.J. Saxton. John W. was reared on a farm, receiving a common-school education. After his marriage he settled on his present farm, where he owns eighty acres of land, with good buildings. He is a neat and thrifty farmer, and also pays considerable attention to stock-raising. He was married in 1868 to Aurelia Chidsey, daughter of Lyman Chidsey. To them have been born three sons---Lyman, William and Frank.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Isaac O. Bachtel, proprietor of the Eagle Mills, Auburn, was born in Canton, Stark Co., Ohio, April 7, 1844, a son of David and Elizabeth Bachtel. When twelve years of age he began to take care of himself, working in the mills of R. Elston at Magnolia, Ohio. He educated himself by working for his board during the winter and attending the public schools. His first work being in a mill, he early acquired a taste for that industry, and chose it for his life-work. When nearly eighteen years he enlisted in Company E, Sixty-first Ohio Infantry, and participated in the battle of Bull Run and subsequent skirmishes during Pope’s retreat. His health becoming impaired from exposure, he was sent to the hospitals at Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, but after three months was discharged for disability, in November, 1862. In 1864 he again enlisted, in the One Hundred and Sixty-second Ohio Infantry 100-day men, and served four months, doing guard duty at Covington, Ky. After his return to civil life he was employed in Magnolia Mills, where he learned his trade, a few months and in October, 1864, went to Canton, Ohio, and was employed in the Union Mills till April, 1865, when he came to Indiana and worked in the Grove Mills at Kendallville till November, 1868. He then moved to De Kalb County, and worked in the mills at Sedan and Auburn till April, 1872, when he purchased the mills at Corunna which he ran till May, 1880, when he exchanged them for the Eagle Mills at Auburn. Mr. Bachtel thoroughly understands every detail of his business, which he superintends, and makes a first grade flour. He was married Oct. 16, 1870, to Amelia, daughter of Francis Baird, of Union Township, De Kalb County. They have three children---Elmer, Flora and Orris. Mr. Bachtel is a member of Mentor Lodge, No. 591, I.O.O.F.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Frank Baird, a successful farmer of Union Township, was born in Lancaster County, Pa., Sept. 17, 1817, the youngest of four children of John and Agnes (Andrews) Baird. His parents moved to Wayne county, Ohio, in an early day, and in the spring of 1846 to De Kalb County, Ind., and settled one mile east of Auburn where the father died in 1851, and the mother in 1869. Frank Baird was reared a farmer, remaining with his parents till their death, and then inheriting the homestead. His father bought 160 acres of wild land when he came to De Kalb County, and to this he has added twenty acres. He now owns one of the finest farms in Union Township, all well improved. In 1876 he built a large two-story brick residence, with all modern improvements. He has two large barns, and his farm buildings are in good repair. Mr. Baird was married in Ohio, to Hester Stoner, who died in 1869, leaving six children---Amelia, wife of Isaac Beachlar; John H., Calvin L., Thomas F., Zora M. and William L. In 1871 he married Sophia Leas, daughter of John Leas, of De Kalb County. He is one of the successful and representative farmers of De Kalb County.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

James Baker, farmer and stock-raiser, Concord Township, was born in Bedford County, Pa., Sept. 28, 1814, a son of Joseph and Nancy (Smith) Baker. When he was seven years of age his parents moved to Adams County, Pa., where his mother died two years later. He then lived with relatives till fifteen years of age, and then began to take care of himself, working by the month till his majority. He was married Dec. 22, 1842, to Barbara Rummel, a native of Adams County, Pa., daughter of John and Barbara (Demer) Rummel. After his marriage he lived four years in Franklin County, Pa., and in the fall of 1847 moved to Ashland County, Ohio, and a year later to DeKalb County, Ind., where he bought eighty acres of unimproved land, now owned by William Short. He cleared and improved this land, living on it till February, 1869, when he sold it and bought the farm where he now lives, which contains 148 acres of land all under cultivation. Mr. and Mrs. Baker have had nine children---Mary E., Daniel, Susan, William, Henry, Jacob, Sarah, Joseph, and John. In politics Mr. Baker is a Republican. He and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Herman Bangs, farmer, section 11, Richland Township, was born in Bennington County, Vt., June 14, 1813, a son of Nathaniel and Judah (Elwell) Bangs, of English descent. His great-grandmother went with her sixteen sons to the place of enlistment and saw them all enrolled in the service of the United States in the Revolutionary war. She died at the age of 104 years. His father died at the age of ninety-seven years. His mother was drowned in the Erie Canal, at Lockport, N.Y., when on her way West to visit him. She was in the fifty-first year of her age. When our subject was eleven years old he went to live with Robert Madison, a neighboring farmer, and remained with him till manhood, moving with him when fifteen years of age to Genesee County, N.Y. When he reached his majority he had $100 as a nucleus upon which to build his future. After working a time by the month he bought a farm in Niagara County, N.Y., of the Holland Company, and lived there two years. In 1839 he sold his farm and came West. The first winter he spent in Kalamazoo, Mich., and March 13, 1840, came to De Kalb County, Ind., and settled on the farm where he now lives. It was heavily timbered, and neighbors were few, there being but twelve families in Richland and three in Fairfield Township at the time. He was a young man of energy and ambition and went bravely to work to make a home. He also for a time worked at the carpenter and joiner’s trade in connection with farming, there being a demand for that kind of labor. In addition to his home farm, Mr. Bangs has had 320 acres of land which, he has given to his children. He has been prosperous in his business operations, and is now one of the wealthiest farmers of Richland Township. He was married Nov. 22, 1842, to Catherine E. Chaffy, who came to De Kalb County from New York in 1838, and subsequently moved to Lagrange County. They have had seven children---Eunice L., Nathaniel, John H., Winfield Scott, Caroline L., Charles H., and Matilda (deceased). In 1841 Mr. Bangs united with the Protestant Methodist church, but afterward transferred his membership to the United Brethren church, which church his wife joined later. He has always taken an interest in church and Sabbath-school matters, and has for several years been a Trustee and Steward, and Leader of the United Brethren church for five or six years, and Superintendent of the Sabbath-school.

Politically he was formerly a Whig, and is now one of the foremost workers in the Republican ranks. In the spring of 1840 Mr. Bangs helped to build the first school-house in Richland Township. He also made the first coffin for the first person who died in the township, it being for a child of Obadiah Smith. The first loom in the county was made by Mr. Bangs in the spring of 1840.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Milton P. Barker, section 11, Smithfield Township, is a son of Edward Barker, who settled on section 10, Smithfield Township in 1852. Edward Barker was a native of Nottinghamshire, England, born June 1806, and came with his parents to the United States in 1835. He lived two years in Detroit, Mich., and then moved to Branch County, Mich., where he lived till 1850. He then came to Indiana and lived two years in Steuben County. He was by trade a miller, serving an apprenticeship of seven years in England, and worked at this trade in connection with farming prior to his settlement in De Kalb County. He was mainly instrumental in the building of Barker’s chapel on section 10; was the first to advocate the enterprise and contributed greatly of time and money to accomplish the object. He was much respected by all who knew him and was often called upon to officiate at funerals and weddings. He was married in England to Susanna Pitts, who died in September, 1840. Leaving four children; but two of whom are living---Mary Ann, now Mrs. Dirrim, and Milton P. Edward and Emma are deceased. Emma married Henry J. Salander, and died March 10, 1860, leaving one son, who died in June 1884. Mr. Barker subsequently married Rebecca Oram, of Knox County, Ohio, who died in 1876. Their only son, Edward O., resides in Pratt County, Kas. Mr. Barker died Sept. 21, 1872. Milton P. was born in Branch County, Mich., in 1840. Forty acres of his farm of 140 acres is a part of the homestead. He was married to Margaret, daughter of James Dirrim, of Franklin Township. They have five children---Clara, wife of Preston Miller; Hannah D., wife of William Updegraph; Isaac E., Charles M., and James C.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Christian Barkey, farmer and stock-raiser, Fairfield Township, is a native of Westmoreland County, Pa., born April 6, 1820, a son of John and Susannah (Bussard) Barkey, natives of Northampton County, Pa., of German descent. When he was five years of age his parents moved to Ohio and settled in Holmes County, where he was reared and lived till 1851, when he came to De Kalb and settled on a track of land which is now his valuable farm in Fairfield Township. This land he had entered about 1841, and at the time of his settlement it was wholly unimproved and heavily timbered. He now has it under a good state of cultivation, and his improvements are among the best in the township. Mr. Barkey was married March 13, 1851, to Hannah Herrington, a daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Long) Herrington, of Ohio. They are the parents of nine children, eight of whom are living---Mary Ann, John W., George A., Henry, Sarah E., Samuel, Thomas and James F. Calvin is deceased. In politics Mr. Barkey affiliates with the Democratic party.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Silas H. Bartlett, proprietor of the Newville Hotel, and insurance agent, was born in the town of Melbourne, County of Sherbrooke, Lower Canada, Jan. 20, 1825, a son of Frazier and Arolina (Brown) Bartlett, natives of Vermont. His grandfather, Joseph Bartlett, served seven and a half years in the Revolutionary war; three years of the time was Washington’s body-guard. In July, 1836, his parents came to De Kalb County, Ind., and settled in Concord Township, and the following October moved to section 7, Newville Township. The country was inhabited mainly by Indians who often visited them, trading venison and berries for supplies. One evening in the fall of 1837 when the family were at supper, they were startled by an Indian’s voice, and on looking around saw an Indian’s head sticking through a hole in the wall, called a window. After trading a ham of venison for some potatoes and a pumpkin, he left in delight. The Bartlett cabin was made of round hickory logs, 20x30 feet in size, with puncheon floor, clapboard ceiling and roof. They cooked by fire-place. Wild animals were numerous and very troublesome. Their home was in the woods and they were obliged to undergo many hardships. The father went to Maumee to buy corn, a distance of fourteen miles. Six miles of the way he had to cut a road through the woods, and two miles had to cut through the ice. He took a part of the corn to Hughes Mill and took home a box full of ears. His oxen gave out on the way, and he was obliged to leave a part of his load. He hung some pork, which he had bought, in the bushes to keep it from the wolves. For five weeks the family lived on hulled corn. The father died in May, 1860, and the mother Dec. 27, 1882. They had a family of eleven children, but four of whom are living---Mrs. Lucina Woodcox, Silas H., Simon S. and Mrs. Delilah Ayers. Silas H. Bartlett was married March 29, 1849, to Almira A. Weeks, daughter of Luther Weeks. To them have been born seven children; but five are living---Adelaide, Sarah, Charles, Evaline and George. He engaged in farming till forty years of age and then in saw-milling several years. He has been Justice of the Peace twelve years, and is now a Notary Public. He is a member of the Disciples church.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Charles Bassett, of the firm Bassett & Maxson, jewelers, Waterloo, Ind., was born in Brownhelm, Lorain Co., Ohio, Jan. 8, 1838, a son of Thomas and Nancy Bassett. While yet a child his parents died, and he was thus left to battle with the world for himself. When eight years of age he went to Erie County, Ohio, and remained four years; then went to Union City, Mich., and from there to Coldwater, where he began to learn the jeweler’s trade, serving an apprenticeship with C. H. Thompson, remaining four years. In 1859 he came to Waterloo and in company with J.F. Maxson, established their present business. They have had a steadily increasing trade, and rank among the most prominent and substantial business men of Waterloo. Mr. Bassett was married in Jackson, Mich., Jan. 1, 1859, to Caroline Maxson, a sister of his partner. They have four children---Carrie, wife of Amos B. Walworth; Charles Lewis, Bessie and William. In politics Mr. Bassett adheres to the Republican party. He has held several local offices of trust in the township. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, lodge, chapter and council, and has been treasurer of Waterloo City Lodge, No. 307, twenty years. He and his wife are members of the Christian church.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Isaiah Baughman, was born in Carroll County, Ohio, Jan. 5, 1843, a son of John and Nancy (Slentz) Baughman, natives of Ohio. His grandparents were native of Pennsylvania, and early settlers of Ohio. In 1844 his parents moved to De Kalb County, Ind., and entered a tract of 120 acres from the Government on section 23, Union Township, which he cleared and to which he subsequently added forty acres. He was one of the sturdy pioneers, and endured many hardships and privations. After paying for his land he had a little money left with which he bought some salt and leather and a scanty supply of provisions. He was twice married. To him and his first wife were born eight children---Addison, George W., Isaiah, Eliza (wife of David Mizer), Nancy M. (wife of Charles W. Oider), Samantha (wife of Sheldon Crooks), Ermina (wife of Henry Smith), and Matilda (wife of James Seibert). His second wife was Elizabeth Weeks, and to them were born four children---John F., Idola, Ida, and Carrie. Isaiah Baughman was reared and educated in De Kalb County, attending the log cabin district school. When seventeen years of age he enlisted in the defense of the Union in Company H, Thirtieth Indiana Infantry, and served from September, 1861, till February, 1862, when he was discharged on account of ill health. The following August he again enlisted, and was assigned to Company A, Eighty-eighth Indiana Infantry. At the battle of Stone River, Jan. 2, 1863, he was wounded in the right leg, and lay in the hospital till April 20, when he was discharged. After his recovery he again enlisted March 25, 1864, and served in Company A, First Indiana Heavy Artillery till the close of the war; was discharged in January, 1866. He then worked on the farm for his father till his marriage, when he settled on section 24, buying forty acres of land. Three years later he sold this land and bought eighty acres on section 14, where he now lives, located on what was known as the “Island.” This land he has improved, and has erected a fine two-story dwelling and a good barn and other farm buildings. Mr. Baughman was married in 1868 to Sophia Weeks, daughter of John and Mary A. Weeks, early settlers of De Kalb County. To them have been born six children---Willis, Laura, Anna, Cora, Dora and Ward. Mr. and Mrs. Baughman are members of the Methodist Episcopal church.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Andrew Baxter, section 5, Franklin Township, was born in Washington County, Pa., March 15, 1813. He is the youngest of a family of ten children. His father, William Baxter, married Sarah Rogers in their native County Tyrone, Ireland, and after the birth of two children, Daniel and Jennette, they emigrated to America in 1791 and settled in Washington County, Pa., where was born to them other children as follows: Sarah, William, James, Moses, Mary, a daughter who died in infancy, John and Andrew. The subject of this sketch, William Baxter, died in January, 1832, after the marriage of all their children, except Sarah, John and Andrew, and with them, their mother removed to Wayne County, Ohio, in March, 1835. Here John married Sarah Kelley, and Andrew, in the spring of 1838, married Nancy Brown, eldest child of Andrew Brown, of Scottish birth; whose wife, Ellenor Richey, was a native of North Ireland. In June, 1841, John and Andrew, accompanied by their brother, James, and Simon Fegley, came to De Kalb County, built rude cabins upon their land entered from the Government in 1838; Andrew upon the farm where he still resides, and John in Smithfield Township, and in October, 1841, they moved with their families upon their farms, each with a wife and two small children, and their mother and sister Sarah, as members of the family with Andrew. Here, in the almost unbroken forest, with privations and ague almost constantly with them, they “cleared” their farms, took their quinine (when they could get it) and “raised” their families. Andrew and Nancy Baxter had born to them children as follows: Elvina, Ellen, William, a daughter who died in infancy, Andrew J., Mary J., John W., Nancy E. and James B. Nancy died January 18, 1858, leaving her husband and the eight children above named surviving her. May 4, 1859, Andrew was again married this time to Elizabeth L. Brown, the youngest sister of Nancy, his former wife, and to them were born six sons---Orrin A., Charles O, Miles, Chauncy B., Cora L. and George D. Elizabeth L. died Jan. 3, 1877, leaving her husband and the five last named sons surviving her. Andrew Baxter has held the important offices of Township Trustee and Assessor, each for several terms and with credit to himself. Of his thirteen living children, Elvina Baughman is a widow, and is generally employed at keeping her father’s house; Ellen, wife of David Carter, is living upon a farm in Nebraska; William is owner and manager of a good farm in Iowa, and the others all live in De Kalb County. Andrew J. is practicing law in Butler; John W. in Auburn; Mary J., after teaching more than twenty-five terms of public school, has become the wife of Frank A. Brink, an attorney and teacher, and lives in Butler; Nancy E. is the wife of William Fee, and lives on a farm adjoining the old home in Franklin Township; James B. is the Deputy Clerk of De Kalb Circuit Court, and lives in Auburn, and the others still domicile under the paternal root-tree. Nine of the children of this family have taught in the public schools of the county, and three others are expecting to do so in the near future. Of the brothers and sisters of Andrew Baxter, all are now dead, except Moses, who lives in Smithfield Township where he reared a large family of children, all of whom have taught in the public schools of the county. His sisters, Jane, daughter of William and his first wife (and half-sister of Andrew) and Jennette married two brothers, Joseph and William Scott respectively, and died, leaving families in Southern and Western Ohio. Daniel, his brother, died in Harrison County, Ind., and William but recently died in Western Pennsylvania, near the place of his birth. The family of James, survive him in Van Buren County, Mich. John died upon his farm in Smithfield Township in 1853, leaving a large family of small children who have grown, married and scattered, leaving only three who are still residents of De Kalb County; all are prosperous. Mary, a sister to Andrew, married George J. Duncan and came to Smithfield Township where they settled and reared a large and respectable family, nearly all of whom still live and prosper in De Kalb County.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Andrew J. Baxter, attorney at law, Butler, Ind., was born in Franklin Township, De Kalb County, Feb. 19, 1846, a son of Andrew Baxter, a native of Armstrong County, Pa., who located on the farm where he still resides March 5, 1840. Our subject is a self-made man; having few advantages he educated himself, and subsequently taught twenty-three terms, still keeping up his studies. In the spring and summer of 1867 he studied medicine with Dr. Hoopingarner, but not liking the profession, abandoned it. He taught in Elkhart County, Ind., and was so well liked that his services were engaged for a second year at an increased salary. He was assisted by his wife, who also taught the following summer at Jefferson Center. And with her earnings bought the books that her husband might further pursue the study of law, which he had already begun. When his eyes were tired from reading she read to him, proving herself to be, in the full acceptation of the term, a “helpmeet.” In June, 1872, he opened an office in Hamilton and remained there till 1879, when he removed to Butler, where he has built up a lucrative practice. He is an active member of the De Kalb County Bar Association. In politics a staunch Democrat. Mr. Baxter was married Nov. 26, 1867, to Helen Latson, daughter of James Latson, the well-known ex-Coroner of Auburn. To them have been born four children, but three of whom are living---Naomi, Aurilla and Otmar V.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

C.K. Baxter, is a native of Wayne County, Ohio, born Nov. 30, 1838, a son of John and Sarah (Kelley) Baxter, native of Pennsylvania, the former of Washington County, and the latter of Huntingdon County. In 1841 he parents moved to De Kalb County, Ind., and settled on section 25, Smithfield Township, on a tract of heavily-timbered land. The father died in September, 1859, and the mother in 1879. They were among the prominent pioneers of the county, and contribute largely toward its development. C. K. Baxter was reared on a farm, but when sixteen years of age enter the Messenger office at Auburn and learned the printer’s trade. When twenty-one years of age he bought an interest in the Press office at Waterloo, but in 1861 sold his interest to his partner, T.Y. Dickinson, and enlisted in the Nineteenth Indiana Infantry, Company G, as a private, but was promoted to First Lieutenant. He participated in the second battle of Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Wilderness and Peterburg. He was discharged Sept. 8, 1864, after a service of three yeas. After his return home he again embarked in the newspaper business, editing the press till 1884, when he sold out, and is now living a retired life. Mr. Baxter was married Nov. 10, 1863, to Mary A. Dickinson, a native of Portage County, Ohio, daughter of T.R. Dickinson. Mrs. Baxter died Feb. 26, 1866, leaving two children---William S. and Maurice. Oct. 7, 1869, Mr. Baxter married Harriet, daughter of David Landis, of De Kalb County, but one of their three children is living---Mary. Mr. Baxter is a member of Waterloo Lodge, No. 221, I.O.O. F., and Waterloo post, No. 52, G.A.R.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

John H. Baxter, contractor and builder, Butler, Ind., was born in Smithfield Township, De Kalb County, a son of John Baxter, and brother of C.K. Baxter, of Waterloo. He was reared and educated in his native township, and when eighteen years of age began working at the carpenter’s trade which he has since followed with the exception of one year, from the spring of 1876 to the spring of 1872,and is now engaged in building. He does a paying business by building houses for himself, which he either rents or sells. He sold his farm in December, 1883, and now owns six houses and lots in Butler. He was married April 10, 1872, to Emily J. Whetsel, a daughter of Henry Whetsel, an early settler of Wilmington Township. But one of their children is living---Worthy Ernest. Clark R. and Howard L. are deceased. Mr. Baxter is a generous, whole-souled man; his home is the synonym for hospitality. No worthy object is ever rejected when presented to him for assistance, and the needy always find in him a friend. He is an upright, honorable business man, always true to his word, and has never given any man cause to go to law against him.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Jacob Beck, baker and confectioner, Waterloo, Ind., was born in Wittemburg, Germany, Dec.24, 1824. When he was fifteen years old he was apprenticed to a baker and served two years, receiving his board, but was required to pay $20 for learning. He was married in 1848 to Louisa Fousel, and in 1854 emigrated with his family to the United States. He located in Buffalo, N.Y., and worked a this trade a short time, but subsequently moved to Toledo, Ohio, and was employed by M.C. Wortz several years. In the spring of 1863 he moved to Waterloo, Ind., and began business on the corner of Wayne and Van Vlick streets, but afterward bought the store where he is now located. Mr. Beck was in moderate circumstances when he came to Waterloo, but being a thorough master of his trade he has built up a good business, and is now one of the most successful men of the city. To Mr. and Mrs. Beck have been born nine children, but five of whom are living---Augustus, Louisa, Emma, Henry, and Ada.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Samuel Beck, one of the most enterprising and successful business men of Waterloo, was born in Crawford County, Ohio, Feb. 18, 1836, a son of Adam and Sarah (Gloyd) Beck, native of Pennsylvania, but early settlers of Crawford County, where they were married in 1834. Four of their seven children are living. The father died in 1870 and the mother in June, 1882, both at the age of sixty-two years. Our subject received but a limited education, his father being a poor man and he being the eldest son, was early obliged to assist in the maintenance of the family. He came to Waterloo in 1861, and the following year became established in the general mercantile and produce business. He now has the largest trade in butter, eggs, and poultry in Northern Indiana. Mr. Beck was married in 1863 to Lillie Staers, a native of Maryland, but a resident of De Kalb County since her childhood. Mr. and Mrs. Beck have three daughters---Dora, Mary and Alta. Mr. Beck is a member of the Waterloo City Lodge, No. 307, F. & A.M. He was drafted in the war of the Rebellion, but paid $700 to a substitute.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Curtis W. Beechler, D.D.S., Butler, Ind., was born in Williams County, Ohio, Feb. 4, 1851, a son of George Beechler, a native of Lancaster County, Pa., but an early settler of Williams County. He was reared a farmer but received a good education, and in 1869 went to Virginia City, Nev., where he worked in a dental office till 1875. He then came to Indiana and with his brother opened an office in Butler. His brother died in 1876, and he has since carried on the business alone. Dr. Beechler is a good dentist, understanding all the improved methods of his profession, and has built up, as he deserves, a good practice in Butler. He was married June 24, 1876, to Mary W. Phillis. They have three children---Achasa, Glenn C. and Dale Xenophen. Dr. Beechler is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Daniel Beha, farmer and stock-raiser, section 9, Stafford Township, is a native of Baden, Germany, born Jan. 25, 1845. He was reared in his native country, and when twenty-five years of age, in 1870, came to the United States, and in 1872 settled in Stafford Township, De Kalb Co., Ind. Till within the past three years he has worked for the railroad, but since then has engaged in farming. He owns forty-three acres of land, thirty-eight acres being in Stafford Township and five acres just across the line in Ohio. He was married in 1872 to Caroline Barmmaert, and to the them have been born three children---Rosa, Katie and John. Mr. and Mrs. Beha are members of the Catholic church at Edgerton, Ohio.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

John Beidler, the second son of Henry and Nancy (Ocherman) Beidler, was born in Westmoreland County, Pa., May 15, 1818. When he was two years of age his parents moved to Ohio and settled in Holmes County where they lived the remainder of their lives. In that county he grew to manhood, and was married when twenty-two years of age to Miss Elizabeth Fresher, a native of Holmes County. In the spring of 1847 they left Ohio and moved to De Kalb County, Ind., and settled on a tract of wild, timber land in Union Township, which had been entered by his father. At that time, the county was mostly inhabited by wild animals and Indians. Now a part of the city of Waterloo is located on his land. He has two good residence houses on his farm, and his other buildings are large and convenient. Although in meager circumstances when he commenced life, he has now a competency for his old age. He has a family of seven children---Frank M., Solomon, Catherine, wife of J.B. Taylor, of Waterloo; Henry, Hiram W., John C., and William S. He and his wife are members of the United Brethren church, of which he has served several years as Class-leader. Politically he is a Republican.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Joseph B. Bennett, M.D., was born in Syracuse, N.Y., March 25, 1840. His father, Malcolm Bennett, was a native of Onondaga County, N.Y., and in 1836 moved to Branch County, Mich., and a year later to Steuben County, Ind., where he lived three years. Then returned to New York and lived in Syracuse till 1844, when he again moved to Steuben County, where he died in 1862. He was a member of Company H, Forty-fourth Indiana Infantry, and participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, but was soon after discharged for disability, and died a short time after reaching home. He married Catherine Beach in New York, and to them were born seven children, but two of whom are living-Joseph B., and Marietta C., widow of Birge Smith. Alexander C. and George H. lost their lives in the defense of the Union. George was shot through the head at Malvern Hill. Alexander was wounded in the same battle, and at Gettysburg was taken prisoner and died at Belle Isle. Birge Smith was Lieutenant of Company A, Forty-fourth Indiana Infantry, and resigned on account of failing health. He was afterward Lieutenant of Company A, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Indiana Infantry, and was promoted to Captain, but died in the hospital at New York. Joseph B. Bennett was educated in the Angola schools and began reading medicine with Dr. C.D. Rice. He attended the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio, graduating in the spring of 1869. In March 1869, he located in Troy Township, De Kalb County, and in January, 1872, located in Butler, where he has built up a good practice. Dr. Bennett was married in January, 1871, to Rachel Casebeer, a daughter of John Casebeer, a pioneer of Troy Township. To them have been born two children; but one is living---Josephine. Katie died of diphtheria at the age of four years. Dr. Bennett is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows’ fraternities. He and his wife are members of the Disciples church.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Ephraim Berry was born in Champaign County, Ohio, March 19, 1823, a son of David and Catherine Berry. He was reared in his native county, receiving a good education. From boyhood he was handy with tools and early began to work with machinery, although he never learned a trade. In October , 1848, he came to Indiana and worked two years in Solomon Pence’s saw-mill in Butler Township, De Kalb County, and in the meantime built a new mill. The next two years he worked in different parts of the State, but in the spring of 1852 permanently located in Auburn. He worked at the carpenter’s trade and mill building five years, and then built an engine and lathe and engaged in repairing machinery and turning broom handles, etc., ten years, when he built an engine and machine for making moldings, to which he soon after added a planing machine, and carried on that business six years, when he sold out and retired from active business. Jan. 1, 1845 he was married to Mary Jane Jenkins, of Champaign County, Ohio. He has always taken an interest in the public affairs of the city, and has served as Justice of the Peace and City Trustee several terms.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.

Francois Beuchat, farmer and stock-raiser, is a native of Switzerland, born Nov. 7, 1830, a son of Barnard and Mary Ann Beuchat. His youth was spent on his father’s small farm, and when fifteen years of age he went to work in an iron foundry, and was thus employed two years. He then engaged in farming till the spring of 1851, when his father and five sons came to the United States, his mother having died a short time before. They located in Stark County, Ohio, where his father bought a small farm, and made it his home the remainder of his life. He was born in 1792, and died in 1871. Francois Beuchat remained in Stark County till the spring of 1866, when he came to De Kalb County, Ind., and bought forty acres of land in Fairfield Township, twenty acres of which was partially cleared. He went to work to improve his farm, and has added to it from time to time, till he now owns eighty-two acres of improved land. He was married Sept. 20, 1825, to Mary Smith, a native of Berks County, Pa., born Sept. 1, 1825, daughter of John and Maria Smith. To them have been born five children, three of whom are living---Maria E., William Henry, and Lois M. Peter John and Lewis E. are deceased. Politically Mr. Beuchat affiliates with the Democratic party.

Submitted by: Arlene Goodwin
Auburn, Indiana
History of De Kalb County, Indiana.
Inter-State Publishing Company, Chicago, 1885.