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JACOB H. REAMER. Mr. Reamer, president of the Sandage Steel Skein company, of South Bend, Ind., was born in North Liberty, St. Joseph Co., Ind., October 16, 1852, and possesses that independent spirit, that enterprise, push and industry necessary for a successful business career. His parents, Henry and Abigail (Liggett) Reamer, were natives of the Keystone State and Ohio, respectively, and made their home there for many years. The father was born near Newport, Penn., in 1818, and the mother was born in Ohio in 1823. The former learned the saddler's trade in his native State, and worked at the same until his marriage, when he began farming. Later he moved to St. Joseph county, Ind., and there his death occurred in 1891. His wife is still living, resides on the old homestead in this county, where they settled in 1843, and enjoys comparatively good health. The youthful days of our subject were passed on his father's farm and in the common schools, where he received a good practical education. Feeling the need of a better education he entered Northern Indiana College, where he remained for some time, and then branched out as an educator, teaching the young idea for about three years. He began his career as an instructor when eighteen years of age, taught during the winter months and worked on the farm during the summer. When twenty-one years of age he began his career as a business man, first as clerk in a grocery store owned by G. W. Buffum, South Bend, Ind. Two years later he and J. E. Williams (a brother-in-law), bought the stock of Mr. Buffum and continued the business until 1890, when he sold out to his partner. He is one of the originators of the Sandage Steel Skein Company, which was established in 1885, and is now the most efficient president of the same. This company employs seventy skilled workmen and is doing a prosperous business. Mr. Reamer is just in the prime of life, and the high reputation he has always borne, together with his wide acquaintance in business and social circles, serves to stamp him as a gentleman with whom business relations must be pleasant and profitable to all concerned. He was married in 1874, to Miss Mabel Williams, a native of St. Joseph county, this State, and two children have been given them: Sumner, now sixteen years of age, and Florence Ann, four years of age. In politics Mr. Reamer is an uncompromising Republican, as was his father before him, and socially he is a member of the Maccabees. He is one of the honorable, upright citizens of the city, and possesses excellent business qualifications and good habits. His parents were early and prominent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His paternal grandfather was a native of Germany, and was one of three brothers who emigrated to the United States at a very early date and settled in Pennsylvania. There his death occurred.

�Pictorial and Biographical Memoirs of Elkhart and St. Joseph Counties, Indiana
Together with Biographies of Many Prominent Men of Northern Indiana and the Whole State, Both Living and Dead�
Goodspeed Brothers Publishers, Chicago
1893
John Morris Co. Printers and Binders

FREDRICK W. MUELLER. It is universally conceded that the distribution of food products constitutes the most important factor in the long list of a city's industries, and, such being the case, the grocer must be accorded the palm as the most important contributor to the development of this fact, his wares covering almost every article of daily consumption known to man. This branch of mercantile activity is ably represented in South Bend, Ind., by the popular and well appointed establishment of Mr. Fredrick W. Mueller, located at 139, South Michigan street. Mr. Mueller was born in Jefferson county, Wis., October 2, 1853, and is a son of John M. and Elizabeth B. (Meyer) Mueller, natives of Bavaria, Germany. The father was born June 22, 1822, and first set foot upon American soil in 1847. For about six months he made his home in South Bend, but in 1848 he went to Jefferson county, Wis., where he passed the remainder of his days, dying in 1881. He was a farmer for many years, but was also engaged in many business enterprises, and at the time of his death was in the hotel business at the county seat of Jefferson county. His wife was born in 1822 and now resides at Jefferson, Wis. Fredrick W. Mueller, the eldest of five living children, supplemented a commonschool education by two terms in the North Western University at Watertown, Wis., and subsequently began learning the harness makers' trade in the shop of Charles Weiss, at Jefferson, Wis. Later he was in the harness makers' business at De Pere, Wis., and in 1872 came to South Bend, Ind., where he followed his trade for one year. In the spring of 1874 he entered the employ of Louis Nickel, and continued with him until 1880, when he engaged in the grocery business for himself at his present place of business. He has made hosts of friends in consequence of his ability and integrity, and justly merits the abundance of success that has attended his well-directed efforts. He was married in 1880 to Miss Anna M. Sack, a native of South Bend and the daughter of Dr. J. C. Sack, who came here about 1851. Four children have been the result of this union: Edward C. M., Thekle E., Gretchen E. and Gertrude. In politics Mr. Mueller is a Democrat, and socially he is a member of Robert Blum Lodge, No. 287, I. O. O. F., Royal Arcanum, A. O. U. W. and South Bend Turner. He is one of the most thoroughgoing, enterprising business men of the city.

NOAH RENSBERGER, dealer in general merchandise at Walkerton, is an intelligent man of affairs and his establishment is well stocked with all necessary articles required by the farmers and townspeople in his section of the county. He is a product of Holmes county, Ohio, where he first saw the light of day on the 4th of March, 1854, his parents, Jacob and Anna (Schaffer) Rensberger, being also natives of the Buckeye State, although of German descent. The paternal grandfather was a soldier in the Continental Army during the war of the Revolution. Jacob Rensberger was successfully engaged in farming the greater portion of his life, and followed that calling in Ohio until his removal, in 1857, to St. Joseph county, Ind. He took up his residence on a farm in the vicinity of Lakeville, but subsequently removed to Walkerton, where he was called from this life in 1874. His wife died the same day of the firing on Fort Sumter. The following are the children born to this worthy couple: Mose, of Lakeville, Indiana; Elizabeth, wife of Henry Hoover; Mary, wife of F. G. Conrad; Sarah, wife of Edson Spencer; Eli, of Walkerton, and Noah, who is the youngest of the family. The latter was an infant when his parents came to St. Joseph county; Ind., and in the public schools of this section he received his education. When his father located in Walkerton he entered the store of T. J. Wolfe, where he remained as a clerk for seventeen years, never being away from the post of duty more than two weeks during the entire time, that absence being caused by the untimely death of his estimable wife. He was faithfulness itself to the interests of his employer, and during this long period of clerical work, he obtained a thorough insight into the business, which proved of great benefit to him when he came to open his present establishment, to which many of his old customers followed him and now give him a fair share of their patronage and support. In December, 1891, he opened his present house and now has one of the neatest and best stocked stores in the town. His strict integrity is well known, and this, with his genial and accommodating ways, have been the means of building up his present extensive patronage. He was first married to Martha Ake, who died after bearing her husband three children, two of whom are living: Delbert and Edna. His second union was to Miss Mary Scoles, who lived but six days after their marriage. His present wife was Miss Anna Faulkner, of North Liberty, to whom has been given one child: _____. Mr. Rensberger has passed through many trials and disappointments, but pluck and untiring energy have conquered adverse fortune, and he now finds himself embarked on a smooth sea with the wind and tide in his favor. Political1y he is a stanch Republican.

E. J. VINCENT. The furniture trade of Walkerton is ably represented by Mr. Vincent, who deals in a fine class of goods, sells it at reasonable prices, and has gained an excellent reputation for just methods. He is a native of Mishawaka, Ind., where he was born on the 19th of August, 1846, to Benjamin H. and Betsey (Ellis) Vincent, the former a native of England and the latter of Ohio. The father came to the United States at the age of twenty years, and from the city of New York, where he landed, removed at once to St. Joseph, Mich., thence to Mishawaka, and from there to South Bend. Having served a seven years' apprenticeship at the cabinet maker's trade in his native land, he worked at the same in Mishawaka and South Bend for a number of years, but in 1848 removed to the farm now occupied by Alexander Vincent, a brother of the subject of this sketch. There were 120 acres in the place at the time of his purchase, and being its third owner the place was fairly well improved, there being a good frame dwelling house on it, and twelve or thirteen acres of cleared land. Of this place he made a valuable and finely improved farm in a comparatively short time, through earnest and persistent efforts, but his last days were spent in the town of Walkerville, where he was called from this life in January, 1883. His widow and five of the seven children born to him survive him, the names of the latter being: E. J.; Louisa, wife of T. H. Daugherty; Alexander; Albert, and Martha, wife of Franklin Fischer. E. J. Vincent remained with his parents on the farm until he was twenty-three years of age, and although his educational advantages were very limited he secured a practical know ledge of carpentering. He made a study of "Hatfield's House Carpentering," after which he began working by the day. From 1869 to 1876 he was engaged in the various occupations of railroading, milling, clerking and contracting in house carpentering, and on November 28, 1876, in company with a partner, he opened a furniture store in Walkerton, and has since devoted his attention to this business. The first room in which they displayed their stock was 20x35 feet, with workshop above. They now occupy a fine building 40x75 feet, which Mr. Vincent himself erected, and a great deal of the stock is of Mr. Vincent's own manufacture. He keeps a reliable line of goods and as it is well known that he believes in fair dealing, he has a liberal patronage. He filled the position of town treasurer for two terms, has been a member of the school board, in which he has held all the offices from secretary to president, and in various other ways he has interested himself in the affairs of his section. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M., the K. of P. and politically is a Republican. In July, 1869, he was married to Rebecca S. Woodward, by whom he has six children: Clyde, Walter, Edna, Arthur, Elliott, and Raymond, who is the eldest. Mr. and Mrs. Vincent are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

E. I. LEIBOLE. The city of South Bend offers excellent opportunities for the contractor and builder, and one of the leading representatives in this line of business is E. I. Leibole, whose home has been at Walkerton, this county, since 1875. As a practical mechanic in all kinds of wood-work, scroll-sawings and wood turning, he is an expert, and his reputation in this regard has not been confined to the immediate vicinity in which he lives, but has extended all over the county. He also manufactures and sells bee supplies; also all kinds of ladders. He was born in Stark County, Ohio, February 9, 1837, to Daniel and Catherine (Richards) Leibole, who were born in Pennsylvania and New York respectively, and were of German descent. The father was a worthy "son of the soil," and in his youth was taken by his adopted parents to Stark county, Ohio, and is now a resident of Akron. His wife bore him a large family of thirteen children, as follows: Ernest I., Eliza, Samuel, Henry, Hiram, Nancy, Elizabeth, Frank and Mattie, living; remainder deceased: William, who was wounded in battle at Chattanooga, and died from the effects of his wounds, at which time he held the rank of lieutenant; Jacob, who was wounded at the battle of Chickamauga, died from its effects; Daniel was killed in a railroad accident; and a sister who died unnamed. E. I. Leibole lived on a farm in Stark county, Ohio, until twenty years of age, during which time he attended the district schools and Mount Union Seminary, but, in 1856, he removed to Elkhart, Ind., where he followed carpentering and teaching school until the opening of the Civil war, in 1861, and in the early part of that year his name could be found on the rolls of Company K, Seventy-fourth Indiana Volunteers, but he was subsequently discharged from this regiment, and for some time was in the secret service. After quitting this he helped to recruit the One Hundred and Fifty-second Regiment, in which he held the commission of first lieutenant. While in the service he had his right thumb shot off and received two other slight wounds. After his return home from the war he engaged in contracting, and evidences of his handiwork are visible in many of the towns within a radius of thirty or forty miles-notably in South Bend, where he helped to build many of the leading houses there when its first boom was on. In Walkerton he remodeled and rebuilt the "Knott Flouring Mill;" also the principal business houses here as well. He built a handsome church for the Presbyterians at Union Mills, and wherever this kind of work is to be done Mr. Leibole is sure to be called upon. For all kinds of "jig" or scroll-work and wood-cutting, he is amply prepared at his thoroughly equipped shop in Walkerton. He employs during the season from six to twelve hands, and is prepared on short notice to furnish plans and specifications as well as furnish material, and is at all times able to give satisfactory references that his work will be done according to contract. In 1866 he was united in marriage to Miss Mary J. Antrim, and their union bas resulted in the birth of the following children: Ida, Frank, Lola, Milton D., Bertha, Vesta and Leger. Mr. Leibole is a member in good standing of the I. O. O. F., and also belongs to the G. A. R.

GEORGE J. ROCKSTROH. The question of food supplies is one of the first with which the human family have to grapple, and viewing the competition from a commercial standpoint it will be admitted that the well-appointed grocery establishment furnishes the largest share toward the solution of the problem of feeding the masses. "The food we eat" is a vitally important question, and one that concerns the health and happiness of every man, woman and child. One of the finest appointed grocery stores in the city of South Bend, is that conducted under the firm title of L. Nickel Jr. & Co., and of which Mr. Rockstroh is a member. Born in South Bend, Ind., September 12, 1855, Mr. Rockstroh has ever shown much interest in the improvement and advancement of his native city, and is a reliable, wide-awake business man. He comes of German parentage, his father and mother, Casper and Elizabeth (Zeitler) Rockstroh, being natives of the Fatherland. Casper Rockstroh was born in 1827, and crossed the ocean at an early date. He settled in South Bend when the city was in its infancy, and followed the occupation of a baker and grocer. He was the founder of the extensive business now conducted under the firm name of L. Nickel, Jr., & Co., and was highly esteemed, both as a business man and citizen. He died in South Bend in 1867. His wife was born about 1833 and still resides in South Bend. George J. Rockstroh, the younger of two children born to his parents, was educated in the common schools and at an early age learned the baker's trade of his father. Later he engaged in the grocery business, and when twenty-one years of age branched out in business for himself, becoming a member of the present firm. This is one of the most extensive retail groceries in north Indiana, and is provided with every convenience for business purposes and contains one of the finest lines of fancy and staple groceries to be found in the city. The members of the firm are men of energy and uprightness, and have won success by honestly deserving it. Mr. Rockstroh selected his life companion in the person of Miss Emma Muessel, a native of South Bend, Ind., and their nuptials were celebrated in that city in 1878. One child, Louis H., has been born to this union. An ardent Democrat in his political views, Mr. Rockstroh has ever advocated the principles of his party. He is one of the city's representative citizens, and a shrewd, far-seeing business man.

CALVERT H. DEFREES, contractor and dealer in paving material, sewer connection, sewer pipe, etc., and also manufacturer of artificial stone, is one of the busiest men in South Bend, and owing to the promptness in meeting the demands upon his time, and his strict honesty in his dealings, he has prospered financially. He is a product of the city in which he lives, which has every reason to be proud of his industrious and honorable career, his birth occurring to Joseph H. and Sarah (Calvert) Defrees, in 1859, his parents being still residents of South Bend. His boyhood was spent here, and during the time that he was a student in the public schools he made fair progress in his studies. He has for some time been engaged in his present occupation, which is proving not only profitable but also congenial, and owing to the thorough knowledge which he has acquired of his work, his patronage is large. In 1878 he was united in marriage to Miss Ella Curl of South Bend, daughter of Joseph and Mary Curl, but in 1883 this estimable lady was called from life, having borne her husband two children: Grace E. and Joseph W. After remaining a widower for two years Mr. Defrees led to the altar Miss Mary S. Brown of Michigan, a daughter of D. G. and Dorsey (Robinson) Brown, who were born in England. They removed from Yorkshire, England, to the United States about 1851, and took up their residence in the Lake State, where their daughter, Mrs. Defrees, was born in 1858. Mr. Defrees' second union has resulted in the birth of the following children: Victor W., Frank C. and Dorsey I. Mrs. Defrees is a member of the Episcopal Church, and is a lady of much intelligence, refinement and genuine kindness of heart. Mr. Defrees is proud to call himself a Republican, and supports the measures of this party at all elections. Socially, he is a member of the Royal Arcanum, and is also an honored member in that worthy order - the K. P. He is an expert paver, for he has spent most of his life at this business, and many of the fine streets of South Bend are the products of his skill.

EMANUEL R. WILLS. South Bend, Ind., has no more highly honored citizen within its corporate limits that he whose name heads this sketch, and ever since his residence here he has been prominent in all good works and has made a host of friends by his correct mode of living. He owes his nativity to York county, Penn., where he was born October 1, 1840, to Lewis and Magdaline (Fleshman) Wills, worthy and prominent people of York county. Emanuel R. Wills was ambitious of increasing his worldly possessions and for this purpose turned his face westward, and March, 1865, found him in Indiana. His youthful advantages for acquiring an education were exceedingly limited, but he possessed natural abilities of an excellent order, and such opportunities as he did receive were made the most of. He received competent instruction in the art of agriculture on his father's farm in Pennsylvania, but this occupation did not suit his tastes and he wisely decided to devote his life to some other more congenial occupation. Upon coming to South Bend he began clerking in a dry goods store, after which he opened a grocery store on his own account, which he conducted for about five years, at the end of which time he discontinued the business and once more resumed his clerical duties in a dry goods establishment. In 1882 he was elected to the position of city treasurer, and so ably did he fill this office for two years that in 1884 he was elected on the Democratic ticket, which he had always supported, to the office of county treasurer, which he held by re-election two terms of two years each. He made a beau ideal public officer, being faithful, efficient and courteous, and in 1891 was appointed county assessor by the county commissioners, which office he held to the end of his term. In 1874 he married Margaret Coquillard, daughter of Benjamin and Sophia Coquillard, and their union has resulted in the birth of five children, the eldest of whom died in infancy. The others are Leo, Edmond., Florentine and Adele. Mr. and Mrs. Wills are members of the Catholic Church.

WILLIAM D. ROCKHILL is one of those thrifty and energetic farmers for which St. Joseph county, Ind., has become well known, and in the conduct of his affairs has shown good judgment and business foresight. He was born in Ohio on the 30th day of July, 1823, but his worthy parents, William and Elizabeth (Dobbins) Rockhill, were natives of New Jersey, from which State they removed to Lebanon, Warren Co., Ohio, about 1805, at which time both were about twenty years of age. The father was a practical mechanic and for some time worked with a Mr. Peacock, the manufacturer of the Peacock plow, but after removing to Lebanon, Ohio, he began manufacturing plows on his own responsibility and made various valuable improvements to the Peacock plow. About the year 1825 he removed with his family and personal effects to Lexington, Ky., and there for about twelve years he employed from eight to twelve men in the manufacture of his plows and did a profitable business. About that time he almost loss his sense of hearing and for that reason decided to change his business, and anticipating the fact that slavery would cause trouble in Kentucky he decided to take up his residence in St. Joseph county, Ind.; and after arriving in this section in the fall of 1836 he at once turned his attention to farming, but unfortunately did not live long enough to perfect his plans, for in 1841 he was taken sick with erysipelas from which he died. His was said to be the first case of the kind in St. Joseph county. He was of English descent, a man of admirable principles and his death was felt as a personal loss by the citizens of his section. His widow survived him until 1854, at which time she also paid the last debt of nature. She bore her husband four daughters and two sons, all of whom grew to maturity. William D. was their third child and until about thirteen years of age the most of his life was spent in Kentucky, in which State all his schooling was received. After the death of his father he carried on the home farm until he was twenty-nine years of age. In 1852 he married Miss Sarah Keeley, who was born in Ohio and died October 30, 1890, being a daughter of Daniel and Rhoda Keeley, who were natives of the Buckeye State and became residents of St. Joseph county about 1845. To Mr. Rockhill and his wife four children have been born, three living: Daniel K., Thomas J. and Hannah E., wife of Edward F. Voght; and Newton J., who died when an infant. Mr. Rockhill is a member of the Grange, and is one of the successful farmers of the county. In 1876 he was elected one of the commissioners of St. Joseph county, in which capacity he served six consecutive years and in 1892 was elected county assessor. He was one of the organizers of the St. Joseph County Agricultural Society, of which he was one of the directors, and also the Farmer's Mutual Fire Insurance Company. He cast his first presidential vote for Henry Clay, but since 1872 has strongly opposed the Republican party. He resides just outside the city limits of South Bend, on a twelve-acre tract where he has a very comfortable and neat residence. Besides this property he also owns two farms in Warren township, both of which are under cultivation and well improved. He has been an active worker for the good of his section and is ever ready to assist in the advancement of the best interests of his State and country.

MICHAEL AUGUSTINE is the owner of a valuable farm of 360 acres nine miles west of South Bend, and a fine little tract of fifteen acres near the city limits. He is one of the oldest residents of the county. He is a son of Michael and Hannah (Hook) Augustine, who were natives of Germany. He was born in the old country, March 7, 1814. In order to accumulate a competency and make a home for their children, his parents braved an ocean voyage in a sailing vessel and came to this country. They settled in Pennsylvania, remaining there about twelve years, and from there they moved to Ohio, and in 1838 came to St. Joseph county, but after a residence of two years went to Iowa, where they died at an advanced age. The father was a successful farmer. Michael Augustine, the subject of this sketch, removed to Ohio with his parents, where he remained until his marriage to Nancy Moss, which occurred in that State in 1836. They then came to St. Joseph county, Ind., and began clearing up a farm in Warren township. From this marriage were born ten children. The eldest, Mrs. Cornelius Wykoff, is a resident of Iowa. The eldest son, John, resides in Kansas, and the remaining seven living are all prosperous farmers and residents of St. Joseph county. Mr. Augustine held the one strong idea that when young and in the full possession of health and vigor was the time to prepare for rest and ease in old age, therefore, as his children became grown and were ready to settle in life he helped each one to a farm and placed them in a position to help themselves, and it is his pride to look around on his children and know that not one has disappointed him. One daughter, Mrs. Kate Line, died in 1870. Mr. Augustine has been twice married. The maiden name of his present wife was Mary Ritter, who was born in Ohio in 1820. She was a daughter of Jacob and Sarah (Witter) Ritter, who came from Virginia to this State and county in its early settlement. To this marriage two children have been born, one of whom died in its infancy. The remaining one, a daughter, is the wife of Francis Dunn, of St. Joseph county. Seventeen years ago Mr. Augustine left the farm and moved to where he now resides, in the vicinity of South Bend. Here he is very comfortably situated, and by all that know him is considered one of the prosperous German-American citizens of the county and an honorable and upright man. He has always been a hard worker, and as a result, is in affluent circumstances. Upon first coming to this section of Indiana the Indians were numerous and the country was but little settled. He has witnessed many changes during his residence here; the gradual dying out of the Indians, and the transformation of the wilderness into fine farms and thrifty towns and cities. He has interested himself in the welfare of his adopted country, and schools and churches have especially found in him a liberal patron. He and his wife are members of the German Baptist Church, and he has always been a stanch Republican. His first presidential vote was cast for William Henry Harrison.

ROBERT D. O. RUPEL, retail lumber dealer, South Bend. In the various enterprises that have made South Bend an important commercial center in this section of the State, the lumber trade has held an important place, employing large capital in its conduct, and giving to cognate industries a decided impetus by the energy and ability displayed in its development. One of the most active and enterprising of men engaged in this line of trade is Robert D. O. Rupel, whose place of business is eligibly located at 602 East Jefferson street, South Bend, Ind. He has met with a success simply commensurate with the abilities he has displayed and the highest principles and moral business methods which formed the corner-stone of his earliest business career. He was born in St. Joseph county in 1853, and is a son of Jacob P. and Ann M. (Stover) Rupel, who are substantial and honored citizens of the county. Robert D. O. Rupel was reared on a farm, and while tilling the soil learned the truth of the old saying that "There is no excellence without great labor," and accordingly he has never hesitated to put his hand to anything he could find to do, and thus his efforts have been prospered. He became a resident of South Bend in 1880, and since that time has followed his present occupation with good results. Upon settling in life he took for his wife Miss Anna O. White, of Michigan, daughter of David and Marietta (Sosseman) White, her birth occurring near Akron, Ohio, on November 28, 1882. She is an intelligent woman, an admirable wife and a kind and accommodating neighbor. Mr. Rupel's mother died in 1862, but his father is still living and is a resident of this county.

LOUIS NICKEL. Louis Nickel, Jr., son of Louis and Eva (Dietz) Nickel, was born April 13, 1846, in Bavaria. When Louis was eight years old his mother died, and two years later the boy's father, Louis Nickel, decided to take his two children and try his fortune in America. In 1857 they took passage at Havre, France, on the sailing vessel "Exchange," and after a voyage of thirty-five days they landed in New York City. The father being a talented musician employment was found which enabled them to remain for several years in the city. He at one time was with Gil�more's famous band, and later on a member of Theodore Thomas' splendid orchestra.

Louis Jr. received most of his schooling before leaving the Fatherland, but attended school in New York City about a year, at the same time working on off hours, in a tin shop owned by an uncle. His connection with the tin shop terminated under somewhat peculiar circumstances. On one occasion, while wheeling a hand cart laden with a half dozen stoves upon the street, the load became too heavy and he could go no farther. The police went to the rescue and caused Louis to be taken from his uncle, whom they supposed was cruelly using him, revealed the fact that the boy had simply over-estimated his physical strength. Louis next engaged himself to the paper hanging and window shade business as errand boy, receiving for his services $1.50 per week. During this period he learned the full value of a penny and often knew what hunger meant. After a time a similar position in a rubber manufactory offered an opening and better compensation. Receiving $3 per week, he worked faithfully for this firm for three years. Soon after entering the employ of this house, his honesty, which had been tested and found sound, was honored by unusual trusts. He was given the key to the office and was often sent to the bank to deposit sums of money amounting sometimes to as much as $6,000. Errand boy's work could not last forever, so he resolved to learn a trade. He now became apprenticed to a firm engaged in the manufacture of jewelers' tools. The first year in this service brought him $1.50 per week; the second year $2, and the third year $3. During this apprenticeship he used what spare time could be found in attending the Cooper Institute, availing himself of the advantage of the instruction given there in mechanical branches. Before securing an entrance into the Cooper Institute he was required to present a certificate showing that he was a laboring boy. In these days Louis did not know the meaning of pocket money and the stern lessons in economy continued. At the end of the three years he went to Paterson, N. J., and there secured employment as journeyman in Roger's Locomotive Works. Louis Nickel, Sr., some time before, had gone west and located in South Bend, Ind. Acting upon the advise and desire of his father, the young man resolved to see for himself what the west offered, and came to South Bend, Ind., in January, 1870. He was soon engaged as machinist in the Singer Manufacturing Company. Later he approached T. M. Bissell, of the Oliver & Bissell Manufacturing Company, for employment. He was now twenty-three years of age, but younger in appearance. Mr. B. asked how much experience he had had, and when the young man answered "nine years," he was informed that the firm was in the habit of employing more experienced men. Louis was not to be dismissed so easily and insisted that Mr. B. give him one week's trial, at the end of which time, if the work did not prove satisfactory, he was to receive no reward. About this time, the reader will remember, the Franco-Prussian war was attracting general attention and interest.

Well, at the end of that trial week Mr. Bissell went to Louis and said: "Are you a Prussian or a Frenchman?" the prompt reply was, "I am an American citizen." "Then you are all right; come right along to work," said Mr. B. He remained in the employ of this firm two and a half years, or until he went into business for himself. Mr. Nickel then purchased a half interest in the Rockstroh bakery, his associate in business being Mrs. Casper Rockstroh. This partnership lasted until he became associated with his present partner, J. G. Rockstroh. In the beginning of the bakery enterprise about seventy loaves of bread was the daily product, but with increased facilities the present daily output averages 1,500 loaves, besides cakes, pies and other baking. Mr. Nickel's firm has a well-appointed and heavily stocked grocery store in connection with the bakery and restaurant, employing a large force of workmen and clerks, and enjoying an extensive and steadily growing patronage. The fame of the Nickel restaurant extends far beyond the boundary limits of South Bend, or even Indiana. Mr. Nickel has also gained an enviable reputation as a caterer. He is noted for his rare business capacity, his indomitable push and energy, his perseverance and industry. Coupled with these are exceptionally attractive social qualities that have made his name a household word with thousands who have tested the excellence of his viands. Mr. Nickel has taken an active inter�est in the Turners' organization, having served as its president two terms, and treasurer of the same for a year. He is a stockholder in the Northern Indiana Hedge Fence Company. He is identified with several lodges - the A. F. & A. M., the Knights Templar, the I. O. O. F., being centennial noble grand and a delegate to the grand lodge at Indianapolis in 1876. He also holds membership in the Order of Elks. In December, 1871, be was united in marriage to Miss Kate Rockstroh. Their one child, Louise, recently graduated with marked honors from St. Mary's Academy. On January 18, 1893, Gov. Matthews commissioned Mr. Nickel as a member of his staff, with the rank of major, in recognition of his sterling qualities as a citizen, and his sturdy devotion to the welfare of the commonwealth. This high compliment came to Mr. Nickel wholly unsought, and is the first recognition of the kind accorded to any South Bender for many years. Those who know the gentleman thus honored feel confident that Mr. Nickel will do honor to the position and prove a credit to the State.

OLIVER M. CUNNINGHAM. South Bend has its full quota of vigorous, intelligent, well-posted lawyers, whose popularity is based upon their thorough understanding of the law in all its details and who are forcible and convincing pleaders at the bar. None among these is more highly regarded by those who call upon his services than O. M. Cunningham, who was born in Larwill, Whitley Co., Ind., July 5, 1861, a son of Jonathan and Eliza (Harvey) Cunningham, who were of Scotch-Irish descent and natives of the State of Pennsylvania. The paternal grandfather, Patrick Cunningham, was a native of Ireland, but became an American citizen in an early day and participated in the war of 1812, being present at the inglorious surrender of Hull at Detroit. He is buried on the Tippecanoe battle ground at Tippecanoe, Ind. Jonathan Cunningham removed from Pennsylvania to Newark, Ohio, and after residing there a few years took up his residence in Whitley county, Ind., then in St. Joseph county, where he was called from life in 1879, his widow and five children survive him, the names of the latter being Andrew, Mrs. Ella Moore of Lakeville, Oliver M., Arthur and Emmet. Four children are deceased. O. M. Cunningham resided on a farm until ten years of age, then went to live with his sister, by whom he was reared. His early education was obtained in the district schools and was completed at Valparaiso, Ind., from which institution he graduated in 1881. He began teaching in the district schools at the age of sixteen years, and in that way obtained his money with which to further his studies. Immediately following this he took up the study of law and graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1888. Owing to the ill health of his wife he then went to California, but returned to Indiana in August, 1890, and has since been an active legal practitioner of South Bend, and has built up a large clientele. His knowledge of his profession is very thorough, and it did not take the people of South Bend and vicinity long to discover this fact. In 1892 he was elected to the position of city attorney, in discharging the duties of which office he is proving his worth. On September 23, 1892, he was nominated on the Democratic ticket for circuit prosecutor, and at the November election, 1892, was elected by a large majority. He has identified himself with the interests of the county, and is considered a decided acquisition to the city. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. In January, 1887, he was united in marriage to Miss May Holler.

J. H. LOUGHMAN is the proprietor of the admirably conducted City Transfer line, which business is one of the most convenient to the citizens of South Bend, of any establishment there. Among the numerous accessory industries to trade and commerce in all large communities few have received such remarkable development as that which has for its object the transfer of freight of all kinds, and Mr. Loughman is one of the leading men engaged in this line of work in South Bend. He was born in Licking county, Ohio, October 20, 1845, a son of David and Elizabeth (Martin) Loughman. James H. was brought up in his native county on a farm, and in the district schools in the vicinity of his home he received his education. In 1864 he enlisted to fight his country' s battles, and his name could be found on the rolls of Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and on North Mountain, in West Virginia, he was captured by Gen. Jubal Early, and for eleven long months was confined in that foul prison-pen, Andersonville, during which time he experienced untold hardships and privations. He was released at Jacksonville, Fla., at the close of the war, and in 1866 he took up his residence in Mishawaka, Ind., where he worked in the George Wilburn Wagon Factory for three years. He was next employed by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad for one year, but in 1873 embarked in the transfer business in Mishawaka on a small scale. One year later he became a partner in an undertaking and furniture establishment, the firm taking the name of Bernhart & Loughman, but at the end of two years he gave up this business and came to South Bend, and for one year thereafter was employed by the Lake Shore Railroad Company. Since 1878 he has devoted his attention to his transfer business, and his business has grown so steadily and rapidly that instead of using one team as he did at first, he now has twelve teams and wagons in active operation and does an enormous business. All orders receive his immediate attention, and are executed satisfactorily and at moderate rates. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the K. of P., the K. O. T. M., the Turners' Society, the Order of Red Men and the G. A. R., in which he is past commander. He was a Sir Knight in the K. O. T. M. one term. In 1868 he was married to Miss Abbie Cook, by whom he has two children: Grace, wife of A. D. Hubbard, and Frederick. Mr. Loughman started in life with no capital, but by perseverance he has won the battle and can now enjoy the fruits of his industry.

C. J. GASKILL, freight agent of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway at South Bend, Ind., was born in Battle Creek, Mich., October 24, 1852, a son of Silas E. and Sarah E. (Cox) Gaskill, who were early settlers of Battle Creek. The grandparents were natives of the State of New York, and were of English origin. Silas E. Gaskill was a blacksmith and wagon-maker by trade, but in connection with this work carried on farming also, in each and all of which occupations he was reasonably successful. About 1853 he went to California and located north of San Francisco for a number of years. The past ten years he has lived at Campo, San Diego county, where he still resides. He was the father of three children: Charles J., the subject of this sketch; Henry L., and Mrs. Mary Story of Germantown, Cal. The subject of this sketch was taken by his parents to California when two years of age, and his initiatory schooling was received in that State. When twelve years of age he returned to Battle Creek, Mich., for the purpose of attending school, and later in that city and in Galesburg, Mich., he learned telegraphy. His first position was on the Michigan Central, where he remained about one month, and in September, 1873, he became an employee of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad, then called the Peninsula Railway, stationed first at Olivet, Mich., and later at Schoolcraft for four years. While at that place he was married to Miss Ods E. Hatch, by whom he has four children: Avis I.; Olive; Howard and Gladys. He has been a resident of South Bend since January, 1879, and after having charge of the ticket office of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad, he was promoted to his present position, the business having increased so much that they were compelled to put in a "ticket man." Mr. Gaskill has made two trips to California since his parents moved there, the first trip being made via the Isthmus of Panama, returning the same way when twelve years of age. He was in Denver the day the first engine was set up to go over the Denver & Rio Grande Narrow Gauge Railroad. Mr. Gaskill is one of the organizers and the treasurer of the St. Joseph County Loan & Savings Association, and being very public spirited is connected with a number of other enterprises in the city. He is an intelligent and well-posted man on the various topics of the day, and in his position of freight agent is capable, efficient and energetic, in fact, the right man in the right place, of which fact his employers are well aware. H. L. Gaskill, the brother of C. J., is a dealer in cigars, tobacco, etc., at 126 West Washington street in South Bend, but was born in Ukiah, Ca1., November 13, 1861. When four years of age he was brought to Battle Creek, Mich., where he was reared, his education being obtained in the public schools. Brought up on a farm he followed that occupation until nineteen years of age, when he became an employee on the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad as freight cashier at South Bend, Ind., and this position filled with credit to himself from August, 1880, till February, 1889, when he engaged in his present business, of which his energy, intelligence and knowledge of the wants of the public, have made a paying enterprise. He has the finest tobacco establishment of the city, deals in all kinds of the weed, and also keeps a fine assortment of pipes, tobacco pouches, etc. He is a pushing and enterprising young business man, and is highly regarded in the commercial circles of South Bend. He was married in March, 1887, to Miss Mary E., daughter of Samuel Bowman of this city. Mr. Gaskill is a member of the South Bend Valley & Gun Club, and being of a social and genial disposition is a favorite in society.

R. L. BRAUNSDORF, of South Bend, Ind., is destined to make his mark in this section as an architect of special attainments. He is prepared to make designs for and estimate on all classes of proposed new buildings for public and private use, preparing all sketches and plans for the same and studiously embodying every wish and suggestion of his clients. His plans are both practical and economical; modern ideas and noticeable features, coupled alike with symmetry and architectural beauty. His estimates and computations are always accurate and not exceeded in actual construction, and under his supervision the specifications are most rigidly adhered to Mr. Braunsdorf is a native of Dantzig, Germany, where he was born July 25, 1843, a son of John G. and W. J. Braunsdorf, both of whom spent their lives in the land of their birth, the father having been a shoemaker by occupation. They became the parents of seven sons and six daughters, six of the sons being now residents of the United States but the daughters are sti1l in Germany. R. L. Braunsdorf was educated in Holzminden, one of the largest schools of Germany, from which he graduated in 1864. In the Fatherland he learned the carpenter's trade, at which he worked for three years while traveling over that country. In 1865 he embarked at Hamburg for America and landed at the city of New York, where he remained five years, working at his trade. In 1871 he came to South Bend, of which place he has since been a resident, the first ten years of his stay here being spent in working out by the day. He then began contracting for himself and subsequently turned his attention exclusively to architectural work, for which he possesses decided talent. He has filled a number of large contracts in a very satisfactory manner, among which may be mentioned Studebaker Bros. repository of Chicago, and Clem Studebaker's residence of South Bend, the residence of F. Fish, of South Bend; the Muessel Block; the C. A. Carlisle residence, and many other homes and business blocks which are an ornament and credit to the city. Mr. Braunsdorf is a member of the Catholic Knights of America, is a Democrat politically and served one term as trustee of the city water-works. He was married in 1868 to Miss A. W. Mochring, who was born in Germany, their marriage being celebrated in the city of New York. Of seven children born to them the following are living: William H., Walter J., Johanna W. and Augusta H.

LOUIS A. HULL, city clerk of South Bend, Ind. The official work of this gentleman has extended over a number of years and has brought him before the gaze of the citizens of South Bend, and in him his constituents have found a man of ability and integrity, and one whose activities have ever been employed for the good of the community. He is a product of Troy, N. Y., where he first saw the light of day September 3, 1842, his parents being Adolphus and Frances (Moss) Hull, who were born in Canada and the Green Mountain State respectively. Adolphus Hull settled in Troy, N. Y., about 1840, but in 1856 came westward and took up his residence in South Bend, where he is now living, retired from the active duties of life. He and his wife became the parents of five sons and one daughter: Louis A.; George W., who is superintendent of the machine department of the Singer Sewing Machine Company; Joseph, who is the western agent for the Goodrich Rubber Hose Company, of Chicago; Charles, who is engineer of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, of South Bend; Fred, who is the proprietor of Hull's Boiler Compound, and Mary, wife of J. M. La Pierre, a traveling salesman for Reddell & Reddell, wholesale grocers. Louis A. Hull was only thirteen years of age when brought to South Bend, but had previously attended the high school of Troy, N. Y. and finished his education, so far as books were concerned, in the schools of South Bend. At an early day he became a clerk and book-keeper for A. Coquillard Lumber Com�pany, but upon the breaking out of the Civil war in 1861, he cast aside personal considerations and enlisted to fight his country's battles, believing the "sword to be mightier than the pen." However, he was later transferred to the quartermaster's department, as chief clerk of the transportation department, which position he held until the war closed. Notwithstanding his desire for actual service in the field, the position which he held was a very trying and responsible one for a young man of his years, but he showed a remarkable ability in dispatching work, and was always accurate, prompt and energetic. The most of the time he was stationed at Nashville, Tenn., and after the termination of hostilities he spent about two years in traveling in different localities, and up and down the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and on Lake Michigan as clerk on various steamers. In 1868 he returned to South Bend and again took upon himself the duties of his old position with the Coquillard Lumber Company, of which he remained an honored and trusted employee, until 1870, when he was transferred to the Coquillard Wagon Works, where he served in the responsible position of accountant and confidential clerk, until the death of Mr. Coquillard in February, 1890, continuing to remain an employee of the company thereafter until September 1, 1892. Having been elected to the position of city clerk in May of that year on the Republican ticket by the largest majority that has been polled for the office in many years, which fact is a sufficient testimonial of his competency and popularity, he entered upon his duties and has proved himself a beau ideal public officer, being accurate, punctual, intelligent and obliging. Mr. Hull has many steadfast friends in all parts of the county, and with all classes, and is himself honest and earnest in his profession of friendship. As an illustration of his faithfulness and desire to do his duty, it can be said of him, that during the twenty-four years that he was in the employ of the Coquillards, he never lost but one day, except on account of sickness. He is a member of the K. of P., having passed all the chairs in this order, the G. A. R., and the German Turners' Society. He became a "benedict" in 1869, Miss Lydia Duck becoming his wife, and to their union two children have been given: Harry and Grace. Mr. Hull served as member of the city council from the Fourth Ward from 1876 to 1878, and did excellent service while a member of that body.

Deb Murray