History of St. Joseph County, Indiana
Chicago, Chas. C. Chapman & Co.
published in 1880
St. Joseph County’s Illustrious Dead

History of St. Joseph County, Indiana
Chicago, Chas. C. Chapman & Co.
published in 1880
St. Joseph County’s Illustrious Dead

History of St. Joseph County, Indiana
Chicago, Chas. C. Chapman & Co.
published in 1880
St. Joseph County’s Illustrious Dead

My name is Thomas Stilwell Stanfield. I was born in Logan county, Ohio, on the 17th day of October, 1816. My father’s name was William; my mother’s, Mary Stilwell. He was born in Greene county, Tennessee; she in Grayson county, Virginia. They emigrated to Ohio in 1805, before they were married. At the time they settled in Logan county is was a wilderness; they were on the extreme frontier; it was almost an unbroken Indian country to Lake Erie. The Indians occupied it as their great hunting grounds.

Logan county settled up slowly; the emigration was almost entirely from the Southern and Southwestern States, many of them Quakers from Tennessee and North Carolina. All of the people were comparatively poor and uneducated; their highest hopes were to get a small piece of land and make a home for their families. The land in that country was generally heavily timbered, and the timber of no value. It required years of close economy and hard labor of the whole family to make a living. No time or opportunity was allowed for social improvement. They raised their food and made all their clothing; every house had its loom and spinning wheel; every woman was a weaver, tailor and milliner. This industry and skill afforded them enough to eat and to wear, and that was about all. There was no time for the cultivation of their minds or the education of their children. They lived in log cabins, generally eating and sleeping in the same room. Under such circumstances delicacy and refinement, so beautiful and lovely in the household, must be of slow growth. Good houses comfortably furnished are as necessary to the cultivation of gentlemanly manners and womanly graces amongst the children as a comfortable school-house for the cultivation of their intellects.

When I became old enough to go to school a faint attempt was made to start one. The house for our school was a little larger than usual. It was built for a Quaker meeting-house, and must have been about eighteen feet square, a low, one-story log cabin, the cracks filled up with clay, covered with a clapboard roof held down by weight poles, floored with puncheons split from an ash tree, lighted by greased-paper windows, a stick chimney and huge fireplace. This will give a general idea of the house. The only furniture was a writing desk made by driving four long pins slantingly up into a log in the wall, with a board laid on them and puncheon benches. Many a weary hour the little children suffered humped up upon those benches without backs, or resting places for their feet. It never seemed to have occurred to the old Quakers that the children’s legs were not as long as theirs. I only mention this to show how little was thought in those days of what we now consider so important to the physical and mental education of our children. Is it any wonder that it required a liberal use of the rod to make those children forget the tortures of such a seat and study their lessons? ”To read, write and cipher” was generally thought to be all that it was necessary for common people to learn, and that any body possessed of so much learning was fit for a schoolmaster. In the fall some old fellow would come around who was too old or too lazy to work, and secure employment to teach the school for the coming winter. All the education I received under fourteen was in such schools.

We moved from Ohio to this county in November, 1830, first settling for the winter near Young’s Prairie, Cass county, Michigan. That winter was remarkably severe, and during the first week in December the snow fell to the depth of two feet and was shortly increased to three, and so remained until the 1st of April. The cold weather was incessant, never let up till late in the spring. About the middle of the winter there was almost a total eclipse of the sun; many attributed the cold weather to that fact.

About the middle of April we moved down to Harris’s Prairie with the intention of entering land there and becoming farmers, but my father being unable to raise money enough to enter 80 acres, and having a trade, he concluded to settle in South Bend. We did so in June, 1831, and it has been my home ever since. Young as I was, I was charmed with the natural beauty of this country. It was distinguished as oak openings, thick woods and prairie. At this time hardly a furrow had been turned upon the prairie; a few cabins were scattered around the oak openings bordering the prairies. I remember well that in 1831, and I think in 1832, the route traveled from here to Terre Coupee Prairie was across Portage Prairie, entering it on the farm now owned by John Smith, then owned by Pleasant Harris, and thence across the Prairie by way of a little grove near the land then owned by Samuel Jones, then through the barrens to the old Detroit & Chicago road crossing the north end of Terre Coupee Prairie. I do not think there was a fence in the way before the spring of 833. The country between the two prairies had but a few families living in it. You could then stand on the ridges of these barrens and see the country for a mile off on either side of you about as plainly as on the prairies. Where now the timber has grown up so thick that one can hardly get through it, was then almost as bare as the prairie, and covered with a most luxuriant growth of grass, making rich and magnificent pasture for cattle. This, indeed, was the character of all the oak openings. About the only timber that grew in these barrens was white oak, black oak, burr oak and black hickory. The burr oak and hickory land was considered much the best, and I think experience has for all purposes proved it to be even better than the prairie. I remember that is was commonly considered at that early period that the white and black oak barrens of Clay and Harris townships were hardly worth buying from the Government; that three or four crops would exhaust the soil, and the land become worthless; and the first few years of cultivation did seem to have that effect, but the introduction and use of land plaster and cultivation of clover has not only restored these lands to their original fertility, but I think made them better; and it is now a question among good farmers, taking into consideration the difference in cost of tillage, whether these lands are not as profitable as the prairie lands.

There were fifteen or twenty families living here when we came; of them there are still remaining here: Peter Johnson, Sr., and his wife; their sons, Evan Lee, Pierce Johnson, and daughter Mary Taylor; Samuel L. Cothall and his wife; Henry Painter, Mrs. Alexis Coquillard, Alexis Coquillard, son of Benjamin Coquillard, Mrs. Matilda Shirland, Lathrop M. Taylor, Edmund P. Taylor, Riley Stilson.

At this time there had been hardly a tree cut upon the town plat except in places where houses were built. Shortly after this the Michigan road was laid out through town on Michigan and Water streets, and the streets cleared as a part of that road. Along Maine and Lafayette streets, and indeed on most of the original plat, grew beautiful burr-oak groves thirty or forty feet high. Most of them along the streets and on the public grounds might have been preserved and become the pride and ornament of this city. To my notion there are no more beautiful shade trees growing in this latitude than the burr oak. Its smooth, clean, bright, peculiar leaf was always very attractive to me. These trees are the most remarkable objects of attraction about Kalamazoo, Valparaiso and other towns where people had the taste and good sense to preserve them, but unfortunately for us we were heedless vandals, without any appreciation of beauty or comfort, and regardless of the interests or taste of those to follow us. It was a wicked waste that I have never ceased to regret, and one that never can be repaired.

The openings around South Bend were like those I have already described, only not quite so free from trees, but still open enough to go anywhere with a wagon, and all covered with the same luxuriant growth of grass and scattered over with the same varieties of beautiful flowers. The grass grows so thick and high between here and the Kankakee marsh that is was cut and put up for hay. The undergrowth of bush and timber that has since sprung up has entirely destroyed this native growth of grass; it is now scarcely ever seen where it once grew so luxuriantly and afforded such nutritious pasture for cattle. I have often wondered why the early settlers did not keep down this undergrowth of brush and preserved their natural pasture.

The first school I attended in South Bend was taught by Judge Egbert, then a new beginner at the practice of the law; it was in the summer and fall of 1831, in a log school-house with glass windows instead of greased-paper windows. I though the house and teacher a little ahead of anything I had seen before. The old house has been demolished and forgotten, but not so with the teacher, he still survives, an honored friend and deserving citizen.

History of St. Joseph County, Indiana
Chicago, Chas. C. Chapman & Co.
published in 1880
Reminiscences

At the end of three years’ reading and study in Springfield, Ohio, overshadowed with debts, being thus hedged up, and without means to attend medical lectures, I went before the censors of the Second Medical District of Ohio, at the city of Dayton (a provision by statute law in said State, for the benefit of indigent pupils), was there examined, pronounced competent in all the branches of the profession, receiving a certificate to that effect, and a license to practice medicine in all its branches wheresoever I desired.

The next year thereafter I emigrated to South Bend, arriving Aug. 9, 1831. I was the first of my profession to locate in the county. Having arrived at three and a half o’clock in the afternoon with letters of introduction for two of the most prominent citizens of the place, with some vouchers, I made myself known and was given a warm welcome. After some hesitation I unfortunately decided to stay and grapple as with hooks of steel, with any and all of the vicissitudes and grim wants of coming life, which decision has made me next thing to a pauper, now in the days of my longevity. Thus, I continued in the practice of my profession with varied success, as did my competitors, up to a period of thirty years.

At the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, I was, by the Governor of the State, O. P. Morton, appointed Assistant Surgeon in the 9th Ind. Vol., which position in 45 days I resigned. In May, 1864, I presented myself before the Examining Medical Board of Surgeons, of the United States, at the city of Nashville, Tennessee; was received as a competent Surgeon and was assigned to duty at Hospital No. 2, at College Hill, where I continued with acceptability until by failing health, in March, 1865, I was compelled to resign my position and return home; from which time, owing to continued debility, I never have opened an office and offered my professional services to the public, although compelled in the meantime to prescribe, advise, and to some extent visit among some of the old patrons and their descendants.

Now to return. April 26, 1832, I returned to Fairfield, and married Miss Sarah Woodward, a finely educated lady, of German and Scottish descent, born Dec. 10, 1806, at Williamsport, Pa. We have had four sons and three daughters, four of whom died in early life and one died in the army in the South. My wife died May 20, 1870. I am now keeping house with my only (and eldest) daughter, Julia Margaret.

In early life I joined the M. E. Church, and was long connected with the pioneer Sunday-school of South Bend.

The heads of families in South Bend when I arrived here were: Alexis Coquillard, Benjamin Coquillard, Peter Johnson, Frederick Bainter, Thomas B. Johnson, Samuel L. Cottrell, Benjamin Potter, Samuel Newman, Charles Ousterhouse, Peter Nido, Hannah Skinner (widow), Hiram Dayton, Solomon Parsons, Louis St. Comb, Calvin Lilley, Solomon Barkdoll, Andrew Mack, Sam’l Martin, Wm. Stanfield, David Gillum, Benjamin Cushman, Oliver Bennet, Joseph Nichols and John A. Cane.

The young and unmarried ladies of the village included in families were: Matilda Newell, Keziah Cartwright, Polly Holt, Maria Stilson, Maria Skinner, Eliza Stilson, Lydia Skinner and Mary Gillum, making eight. The young gentlemen over twenty-one years old were: Horation Chapin, Elisha Egbert, John D. Lasley, Wm. Creviston, Levi F. Arnold, John B. Ozia, Horace Wood, Wm. Cartwright, John Becraft, Joseph Aljoe, Lowry Dayton, Lathrop M. Taylor, Edmund P. Taylor, James Thompson, Reuben Hildreth, Peter D. Shaw, James De Grote, Christian Wolf, Simeon Mason, Zina Skinner, John D. Defrees and myself, making in all a population of 163 in the village proper.

The first winter we formed a debating society, a mock legislative body, and had fun generally. In the meantime we formed a temperance society, and in one sense it was unfortunate for me that I was made president, which position I continued to occupy up to 1838-‘9, I think.

In 1837 I was candidate for County Recorder, but was defeated by Wm. H. Patterson on account of my temperance principles. I was Coroner one year, however, and Justice of the Peace on term; was also appointed in 1834 Major of the 79th Ind. Militia.

{In the history of Dr. Hardman’s ancestry are many interesting passages, especially in connection with their early settlement in Kentucky, their blood-curdling experiences with the savage Indians, etc., all of which we would gladly give space to if we possibly could.

History of St. Joseph County, Indiana
Chicago, Chas. C. Chapman & Co.
published in 1880
Reminiscences

My father was of the early settlers of Pennsylvania. My grandfather, Thomas Bulla, emigrated from Nantucket about the year 1770, settled in Chester county of said State. My father was born in that county Feb. 10, 1777, lived there till 1791; then the family emigrated to Guilford county, N. C., where, as a farmer and inn-keeper, my grandfather lived and raised a family of eight boys and two girls. He owned two slaves (women); their work was in the kitchen; were treated as Quakers of that time generally treated servants of that grade. My mother’s maiden name was Hoover, and was (as the name imports) of German nationality; my parents were married in Randolph county, of the last-named State, then, after a few years, emigrated to Montgomery county, O., near the site of the city of Dayton. At this time two daughters, Anna and Elizabeth, were the increase of this union. The writer of this was the next as additional; subsequently six other boys and two more girls were the make-up of the family circle. My eldest brother, Andrew, and myself were born on Twin creek, Montgomery county, O. All the younger children were natives of Wayne county, Ind., one mile north of the present city of Richmond, James, next younger, then William, David, Daniel, Ester, Sarah and John; of these Anna Chalfant, late of St. Joseph, Elizabeth Burgess and Andrew (who was an editor with Septimus Smith in Centreville; the paper published was the first issued there, and was called the Western Times) died in Wayne; James, a millwright, and William F., farmer, both of St. Joseph, died at their homes in said county. David died at Louisville, Kentucky. As to the origin of the name (Bulla) it is of Gallic origin and its orthography was Bouillon, pronounced Boolong, yet the paternal ancestry were of Irish nationality.

Now, in a detail recital of the incidents of my life I find that the identity of circumstances are so blended with my existence that to relate that only which appertains to myself is not possible. My father was a farmer, but like many of the pioneers of 60 years ago, he made all the implements he needed for agricultural purposes, tanned leather, and made the shoes for the family, did his own coopering and masonry, and was somewhat of the Nimrod in the general make-up. The women of that period, besides presiding in the kitchen, made the fabric and the apparel for the family. All the material resources of the community in general were self-sustaining; nothing but salt and iron required the expenditure of money; coffee and tea were not then and there in general use. Sunday morning we had coffee, hence we knew when that day came round. There were no available educational resources then, and a school was gotten up by subscription, male teachers were employed, and their wages per month about ten dollars; hickory oil was freely used in the schools then, and parents and teachers in general relied more on its use and proper application as an incentive to literary progress than anything else.

I made my second trip to the St. Joseph valley afoot as usual; helped to build a saw-mill for Elijah Lacey at the mouth of Waggiac; returned to Richmond and taught school another quarter, then made tracks for Niles, Mich.; was employed to attend the saw-mill aforesaid, at $17.00 per month; returned to my old home; then I was employed for about nine months at millwright work, then for three months as carpenter. And now a final exodus from my primitive home, in company with Evan Chalfant’s family; we started for South Bend, Oct. 1, 1832. Were I to detail all the incidents of this campaign (for campaign it was, since camping out was the order), it would add several pages more and would not, perhaps, interest but few, except those yet living, who were en route with us; suffice it to say that through thick and thin (thick and thin mud), we arrived at our destination the 1st of November, 1832. General Jackson was then President.

Having secured a quarter section of land I made such preparation to build a house as best I could, and helped E. Chalfant to rear a cabin on his land that winter, and having no means to have help I hewed logs and erected the first hewn log house, shingle roof and brick chimney in Clay township; my neighbors regarded it as a rather aristocratic structure.

In the winter of ’33 and ’34 I had a school in South Bend, which in number of students was rather more than one man could manage. So the services of Mr. Cadmus Johnson was secured as assistant. The school now went on for some time; at length Christmas was reached; that morning when I came to the door I found a barricade of benches against it, and a number of stalwart, beardless boys had made a citadel of the house. I took in the situation at once and demanded admittance, which was denied; thereupon I assumed an indifference whether I was out or in, and started home. They now opened the door and called me back and to come in, which I did. No sooner in than half a dozen bipeds were using their muscles to control my locomotion, and to aid them in this cords and ligatures were fastened about my limbs. At this juncture my assistant came in, and seeing my condition he at once exclaimed, “I surrender.” I, took, now surrendered at discretion, demanded what they wanted, to which they replied no school till the 26th, and that the teachers treat to one bushel of apples and three gallons of cider. To this we acceded; they no untied me and I gave them a lecture on their perfidy in calling me back. Order was now restored, the treat procured, and the day passed in relaxation. Next day I resumed my duties and the school went on; the behavior thereafter in general was good, and the term expired with no other incident of note. A short time before the termination the following notice was posted up in the most conspicuous places in South Bend: “There will be an exhibition of live men and boys at the court-house in Southbrook, where will be recited speeches, dialogues and farcical representations.” This passed off as per programme, and was the first of the kind here. By this time the missiles of Cupid had made some impression, and as a result a matrimonial alliance was concluded and consummated Jan. 15, 1835.

I was then a teacher in my own house on my farm in Clay township, near the now Notre Dame University, being now 30 years old. This connubial state and the State of Ind., have ever since been my home. On this farm by hard labor we made out to live, my now better half aiding me in all efforts, and having no resources only our labor we were impelled to economize in every way. Without a team and no cow the situation was not encouraging, but persevering industry and the little I made by surveying enabled us to use some groceries; yet we often had domestic coffee or sassafras tea minus the sugar and cream. Our first meal was roasted potatoes and salt. Our household goods were a table of rustic style, one poplar bedstead, one chair of the old style, a few stools, a crane in the fire-place for the dinner pot. By raising flax my wife was enabled to weave linen for shirts, etc., for our use, and to spin sewing thread, which at that time was sold to Mr. Brownfield, a merchant then and now of South Bend. The few acres then cleared were cultivated with a hired or borrowed team. A nursery was planted, but the prices were low, as that branch of industry was overdone here, and was not remunerative. After a few years I bought a horse; with this I did my plowing. My first crop of wheat (about four acres) brought 50 cents per bushel; harvest wages per day were 50 cents or one bushel of wheat. About this time some surveying brought me some lucre, and an occasional call from the County Board to locate a road gave some employment. Circuit Court gave now and then an appointment to make partition of real estate among heirs, but most of my time was devoted to enlarging my farm and making such improvements as I could. One year after our nuptials an addition to our family appeared in the person of Wm. D. Bulla.

I wrote the first total abstinence pledge in St. Joseph county; this was bout the year 1839. It is in no vaunting mood that I make this record; and not to make any digression, my sympathies ever were against oppression of every kind, physical and mental. I have lived to witness the removal of one of the darkest stains on our character as a nation, and though a more degrading oppression, like a deadly sirocco, is destroying many thousands every year, a hope is yet indulged that this, too, may be removed before another centennial rolls around; if not, then as effects of a prevailing cause our once great republic will cease to be, as a like cause invariably is succeeded by a like consequence; so, to avert the consequence the cause must be removed. But to resume the intent of this writing. In the year 1838 I was appointed County Surveyor by the Commissioner’s Court, which position I held till the year 1856. At this period we had increased in numbers in the family circle, four more – Milton V., Mary E., Minerva A. and Thomas H. All these are as yet of irreproachable character, and their training was not compulsory but persuasive. The rod had no lace as a moral motive power (nor spar the rod and spoil the child, that adage was only adapted to that age, when brute force was deemed more available than moral suasion). At this period of my life a prevailing turpitude exists in our country, and to account for it, the late Rebellion is a profile source; tho’ out of this Rebellion a retribution is awarded to its instigators, yet from the means used to remove one great national evil another was produced, and to remove this revolution in our jurisprudence must be produced; hence as means to an end, all the moral resources must be brought to bear. In the reformatory institutions of our land all are equally interested; hence none are exempt from duty where aid for the general good is demanded.

History of St. Joseph County, Indiana
Chicago, Chas. C. Chapman & Co.
published in 1880
Reminiscences

A few days’ residence enabled him to take in the general features of the place. He was one of a colony of emigrants from Brockport, New York, who numbered in all some 30 persons, embracing the families of Major H. Smith, Richmond Tuttle, Albert Hudson, Stephen H. Judkins, John Ham, Gilman and Samuel Towles, James Clark, George Bellinger and Albert Brinsmade, who had been induced hither by the somewhat extravagant stories of the St. Joseph region. The town had just shed the name of St. Joseph Iron Works, and was entering upon a high career of prosperity. The swift water at that point, it is said, gave it the Indian name of Mishawaka, and the stream was already utilized by the construction of a dam and mill race, upon which were erected the St. Joseph Iron Works, and a flouring mill known as Taylor’s Mill, erected by a citizen then deceased. Besides the store of the Iron Company there was another near by owned by a citizen of Niles, Michigan, and the grocery store of Russ & Pomeroy, in the company’s warehouse. To these were soon added the drug and grocery store of Smith & Clark, and in the eastern part of the town, known as Barbee-town, another store of the Meed Brothers, from New York. The hotels were the Mishawaka Hotel, already mentioned, and Kellogg’s Hotel, in Barbee-town. These were filled with the new settlers and passing immigrants. The village had an air of thrift and enterprise. Many of the dwellings were comfortable structures, of creditable styles of architecture, some of which are still standing, mementoes of the early settlement. The population was possibly some 500.

Even at this early date the town had its contentions and neighbor hood jealousies. The leading spirit on one hand was A. M. Hurd, President of the Iron Company, and on the other his namesake of the hotel. A. M. Hurd was a strenuous advocate of temperance and the moralities, while the views of the hotel proprietor and his friends had a strong leaning toward what was called liberality. Two Churches were already organized, the Presbyterian and the Methodist. Over the first presided Rev. A. Kellogg, a most excellent man, who for a score of years afterward worthily filled the position of pastor. The Methodist preacher in charge was Rev. H. B. Beers, a man of strong mind and the requisite essentials for a pioneer preacher, who has now gone to his reward. “Don’t you think he preaches well, considering his being only six months from the Bench?” inquired my friend Hudson. A vision of judicial remine, cast aside for the branches of palm and olive of the Gospel of Peace passed before my eyes, as I eagerly asked, “What bench?” “Why, the shoemaker’s bench,” was the earnest and truthful reply; and I really thought he preached well under the circumstances. Neat and commodious buildings were erected during the season for these denominations, and all took pride in assisting at their raising.

Among the citizens whose names I recall, in additions to those from Brockport, were John H. Orr, a member of the Iron Company, William Sisson, their estimable book-keeper, Dr. G. W. R. Fowler, whose widow afterward became the wife of the reverend poet, John Pierpont, Mr. Bancroft, Alonzo Delano, Nathan Russ, C. W. Pomeroy, J. E. Hollister, Judge Deming, Dr. J. A. Stiles, D. J. Cooley, Dr. Mallett, H. E. Hurlbut, A. M. Wing, Mr. Childs, Samuel B. Romaine, Philo Hurd, Monroe and John Sherman, E. A. Sherwood, a bright boy even then anticipating his future blindness, Frank Taylor, Nicar, Goldsmith and Wilson.

The election just terminated returned to the Legislature Jonathan H. Liston as Senator, and Thomas D. Baird as Representative, both prominent leaders of the Whig party. Conventions and party caucuses were then unknown. If a candidate had no friend to announce him for office, he did the next best thing, which was to nominate himself. Coming from a land of caucuses and conventions, the write endeavored, through the columns of the South Bend Free Press, to persuade the native Hoosiers of the excellencies of the system, but for quite a period these efforts were unavailing. Party lines were not closely drawn, and, under the system in vogue, not unfrequently a dozen candidates ran for the same office, and a small minority of votes was sufficient to elect.

My first visit to South Ben was early in the fall of 1836, when curiosity attracted me to the court-house, a plain, square-built structure of brick, of the original value of $4,000, said to be alike as two peas to the court-house “in yonder, by Dayton.” Court was in session, an important trial being on hand, in which His Honor, Judge Samuel C. Sample, was interested, and his place was therefore temporarily occupied by some disinterested member of the Bar. The court was in tumult, an important paper in the case having disappeared, which was more than suspected to be in possession of Hon. J. A. Liston, one of the attorneys. After much wrangling, Judge Sample ascended the bench, called the court to order, and addressing Mr. Liston very emphatically, told him he must produce the missing paper or be committed to jail for contempt. Whereupon Mr. Liston very promptly produced the document from his pocket, with a request to the opposing attorneys to hereafter take care of their own papers, and the case proceeded.

In the spring of 1837 the writer became a resident of South Bend, and entered into business in the practice of medicine with his father, Dr. W. R. Ellis. Other physicians in the town were Dr. Samuel Finley, a man of fine reputation and an elder in the Presbyterian Church, of the utmost rigidity; and Dr. Jacob Hardman, also an eminent physician of much worth and integrity. To these members of the faculty were added during the year Dr. Harvey Humphreys, a man of splendid abilities and acquirements, whose untimely death occurred 13 months after his arrival; and Dr. E. S. Sheffield and Dr. George Rex, who soon after returned to his home in the East. With Dr. Humphreys came his brother, Louis Humphreys, who soon afterward entered the profession, and who ability as a physician, and whose worth as a citizen have done honor to the place of his adoption. Dr. Daniel Dayton resided at that time at Portage Point, of “Pin Hook,” as it was popularly termed, as did also that popular and eccentric Presbyterian divine, Re. Abner Morse.

South Bend at this time had a population of perhaps 800. The principal merchants were A. R. & J. H. Harper, whose first invoice of goods had been shipwrecked, but who were now doing a flourishing business; John Brownfield, a careful, methodical business man; Lathrop M. Taylor, a substantial citizen who had dealt largely with the Indiana tribes; L. P. Sawyer, who occupied the old brick store erected by A. Coquillard; and Horatio Chapin, whose store-room was nearly opposite the Dwight House; Christopher Emrick had his bakery and beer house; Christian Wolf dispensed fire-water to the thirsty.

The town possessed two modest frame buildings known as the Presbyterian and Methodist churches. Mr. Bryant, an eloquent and able man, officiated in the former, having for his ruling elders Dr. Finley and Horatio Chapin; at the Methodist church about this period, preached the well and widely known Elder Hargrave.

History of St. Joseph County, Indiana
Chicago, Chas. C. Chapman & Co.
published in 1880
Reminiscences